Parturition, premature

Altered sexual function and fertility. Toxicity may be expressed as alterations to the female or male reproductive organs, the related endocrine system or pregnancy outcomes. The manifestations of such toxicity may include, but not be limited to, adverse effects on onset of puberty, gamete production and transport, reproductive cycle normality, sexual behaviour, fertility, gestation, parturition, lactation, pregnancy outcomes, premature reproductive senescence or modifications in other functions that are dependent on the integrity of the reproductive systems. 

Chloramphenicol is not adequately detoxified and excreted by the fetus or the premature infant. Administration of this antibiotic to the mother shortly before parturition may produce gray coloration of the infant s skin with associated muscle hypotonia and circulatory collapse, known as the gray baby syndrome (9). (This side effect is more noted in premature infants.)... 

Normal reproduction and development require signaling within and between a variety of diverse organs, and, in sexual reproduction and mammalian pregnancy, critical communication even takes place between distinctly different organisms (i.e. male and female and mother and offspring, respectively) (Evans, 2007). It should be remembered that premature parturition or abortion can be induced by any circumstances which cause fetal or, potentially, maternal stress and initiate the cascade of endocrine and neural signaling events which would normally lead to parturition. Any sublethal intoxication or emotionally traumatic event in a pregnant woman or animal has the potential to threaten fetal survival. 

Chlorine (CI2) is one of the more commonly produced ehemieals in the USA, and ehlorine gas is a potent oxidant whieh is very irritating and, potentially, corrosive (Kikilo et ah, 2008 Smith et ah, 2008 Wismer, 2007). Chlorine gas is used as a pulmonary and ehoking agent, and exposure is frequently assoeiated moderate to severe, painful irritation of the eyes and respiratory traet (Wismer, 2007). Such stressful, sublethal exposures in late-gestational women or animals might be expeeted to be associated with the induetion of premature parturition and, possibly, abortion. Oxidative stress ean definitely have adverse effects on reproductive funetion, but the chronic disease usually assoeiated with ehlorine gas exposure is primarily related to... 

The prostaglandin analog fluprostenol (250-500 jjLg i.m.) results in unpredictable delivery times and variability in the time from injection to foaling. In addition, pony mares not close to spontaneous parturition that were treated with fluprostenol delivered premature and weak foals that died shortly after delivery and treatment was associated with dystocia and retained fetal membranes. In contrast, when fluprostenol was given to mares that were close to spontaneous delivery, normal viable foals were bom (Bristol 1982). 

Simpson ER. Initiation of parturition, prevention of prematurity. In MacDonald PC, Hasselmeyer EC, eds. Report of the fourth Ross conference on obstetric research. Columbus, Ohio Ross Laboratories, 1983 94. 

The responses of uterine muscle to Epi vary with phase of the sexual cycle, state of gestation, and dose. During the last month of pregnancy and at parturition, Epi inhibits uterine tone and contractions. fi -Selective agonists (e.g., ritodrine or terbutaline) can delay premature labor, although... 

NSAIDs soon found novel use in many clinical conditions. Patency of the ductus arteriosus in neonates, mastocytosis, dysmenorrhoea and other conditions are often remarkably improved by these drugs. At the same time, many adverse effects of NSAIDs can be interpreted as due to inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis. In gynaecology, for example, NSAIDs were thus found to delay parturition and cause haemorrhagic complications in the mother, and to induce premature closure of the ductus arteriosus in the infant (for reviews see refs. 79 and 80). 

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