Pulmonary agents chlorine

Many of these agents are incompatible with acids, bases, reducing agents, and other flammable materials. Some agents, such as chloropicrin (C10-A006) and chlorine trifluoride (C10-A015), are incompatible with oxidizers. Most pulmonary agents react with water to... 

No specific biologic marker/test is available for pulmonary agents as a class however, exposure to bromine might be indicated by detection of elevated bromide levels in serum (reference level is 50-100 mg/L), or if chlorine or bromine is released and they are detected in environmental samples. The case can be confirmed if laboratory testing is not performed because either a predominant amount of clinical and nonspecific laboratory evidence is present or an absolute certainty of the etiology of the agent is known. 

Morbidity from pulmonary agents is the direct result of pulmonary edema, appearing 2-4 h after chlorine exposures. Since children have a smaller fluid reserve (Rotenberg and Newmark, 2003), pulmonary edema can cause rapid dehydration or even shock (Burklow et al, 2003). Due to the higher respiratory rates and minute... 

Pulmonary agents phosgene, chlorine, vinyl chloride... 

Chlorine was used during World War I as a choking (pulmonary) agent. 

Choking/Lung/Pulmonary Agents 157 Phosgene (CG) 157 Chlorine (CL) 158 Phosphine 160 White Phosphorus 161... 

Pulmonary agents (phosgene, phosphine, chlorine, anhydrous ammonia, etc.) cause immediate irritation of eyes and throat and then coughing, tightness in chest, and difficulty breathing. 

TIC include lung-damaging agents (chlorine and phosgene are both used widely in the chemical industry), perfluoroisobutylene (PFIB) and isocyanates. All these compounds can lead to toxic pulmonary oedema at the alveolar level. In addition, there are many respiratory irritant agents which cause effects on the upper airways such as ammonia and hydrogen chloride and agents such as sulphur dioxide and toluene diisocyanate which cause severe bronchoconstriction. 

Choking agents Chlorine characteristic Phosgene hay/mown grass Chlorine rapid onset mild (more severe over hours Phosgene 1-24 h Sore throat/painful eyes throat/chest tightness dyspnoea wheeze Laryngeal oedema/inflamed throat pulmonary oedema Upper airway sepsis... 

Pulmonary/ choking agents phosgene, chlorine, diphosgene, chloropicrin, oxides of nitrogen, and sulfur dioxide. 

Chlorine (CI2) is one of the more commonly produced ehemieals in the USA, and ehlorine gas is a potent oxidant whieh is very irritating and, potentially, corrosive (Kikilo et ah, 2008 Smith et ah, 2008 Wismer, 2007). Chlorine gas is used as a pulmonary and ehoking agent, and exposure is frequently assoeiated moderate to severe, painful irritation of the eyes and respiratory traet (Wismer, 2007). Such stressful, sublethal exposures in late-gestational women or animals might be expeeted to be associated with the induetion of premature parturition and, possibly, abortion. Oxidative stress ean definitely have adverse effects on reproductive funetion, but the chronic disease usually assoeiated with ehlorine gas exposure is primarily related to... 

No studies were located in humans or animals regarding the absorption of inhaled 1,1-dichloroethane. However, its use as a gaseous anesthetic agent in humans provides evidence of its absorption. Furthermore, the volatile and lipophilic nature of 1,1-dichloroethane favors pulmonary absorption. Structurally related chlorinated aliphatics and gaseous anesthetics are known to be rapidly and extensively absorbed from the lung. The total amount absorbed from the lungs will be directly proportional to the concentration in inspired air, the duration of exposure, the blood/air partition coefficient of 1,1-dichloroethane, its solubility in tissues, and the individual s ventilation rate and cardiac output. One of the most important factors controlling pulmonary absorption is the blood/air partition coefficient of the chemical. The concentration of the chemical and the duration of exposure are also important determinants of the extent of systemic absorption. 

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