Puffer

Other Lethal Agents. There are a number of substances, many found in nature, which are known to be more toxic than nerve agents (6). None has been weaponized. Examples of these toxic natural products include shellfish poison, isolated from toxic clams puffer fish poison, isolated from the viscera of the puffer fish the active principle of curare "heart poisons" of the digitaUs type the active principle of the sea cucumber active principles of snake venom and the protein ricin, obtained from castor beans (See Castor oil). 

Tetrodotoxin is one of the most powerful non-protein neurotoxins known. It occurs in the liver and ovaries of the Japanese puffer fish, Sphoerides rubripes and S. phyreus, and its lethal effects have been known for centuries, although it was isolated in crystalline form... 

Puffer technique (a puffer identifies the exhaling of gas forcibly by compression)... 

Destabilization of the arc plasma is achieved by forced convection of gas created by the movement of the main and arcing contacts through a puffer piston. This is an integral part of the moving main and arcing contacts (both being concentric). In the light of more advanced techniques of arc extinction now available, the manufacture of such breaker is now limited to about 145 kV. 

D - Fixed arcing contact - Tubular gas (blast) chamber Puffer piston... 

Figure 19.17 Sequence of arc extinction through the puffer technique in an SF breaker through the cross-section of a pole (Courtesy NGEF Ltd.)...

In lower voltage ratings, as noted above, the puffer technique is quite prevalent and is adopted by all leading manufacturers. For constructional details and more information on this mechanism, refer to the manufacturers catalogues. Figure 19.18 illustrates a typical pole assembly of a 12 kV, SFft circuit breaker. 

Puffer-solz, n. buffer salt, -saure,/. buffer acid. 

Pufferung,/. buffering cushioning. Puffer-wert, m. buffer value, -wirkung, /. buffer action or effect. 

Puffer TVains, Guns and Breeders Conway originally conjectured that no pattern can grow without limit, offering 50 to the first person who either proved... 

Alternative means of achieving unlimited growth include (1) the generation of propagating patterns that leave some form of debris in their wake as - otherwise intact and essentially unchanging - they wander across the lattice and (2) the creation of evolving patterns whose rate of growth actually increases with their age. The former class of patterns are known as puffer trains (two simple examples... 

Fig. 3.78 Two puffer trains (solid circles) shown with their exhaust (open circles) after 10 and 12 iteration steps, respectively.

In ncutraler waGriger Losung (Britton-Robinson-Puffer, pH 7) kann l-Methyl-4-cyan-chinolinium-perchlorat bei —1,5 V (vs. SCE) zum I-Methyl-4-cyan-l,4-dihydro-chinolin reduziert werden. Bei —0,7 V bildet sich das relativ stabile Neutral-Radikal5. 

Die Reduktion der y-Lactone von On-sauren verschiedener Monosaccharide zu den entsprechenden Monosacchariden wird in einer geteilten Zelle an einer Quecksilber-Kathode undBlei- bzw. Platin-Anode in schwach saurem, waBrigen Milieu (Borat-Puffer) ausgefiihrt. Auf diese Weise sind d-Arabinose, n-Mannose, d-Talose, d-Ribose u. a. mit guter Ausbeute zuganglich1-4. 

Dioxo-2,3-dimethyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-phthalazin wird in Acetat-Puffer im we-sentlichen zuml-Oxo-2,3-dimethyl-l,2,3,4-tetrahydro-phthalazin (80% d.Th.) reduziert, in 4n Salzsaure wird dagegen unter Methylamin-Abspaltung 1 -Oxo-2-methyl-2,3-dihy-dro-isoindol (46% d.Th.) erhalten1 (vgl. a. S. 595f.) ... 

Aus 2,2, 4,4 -Tetranitro-biphenyl-6,6 -dicarbonsaure labt sich bei —1,8 V (in 20% igem Athanol mit Phosphat-Alkali-Puffer) 2,7-Bis-[hydroxyamino -4,9-dihydroxy-5,10-dioxo-4,5,9,10-tetrahydro-(pyrido-[2,3,4,5-1, m,n]-phenanthridin) (F >400°) ge-winnen ... 

Many people who have experienced anaphylaxis in the community and are therefore at risk for recurrence have never received a prescription for an epinephrine autoinjector from an emergency department physician [38, 39] or from their primary care physician. Some of those who have received a prescription for an epinephrine autoinjector do not follow through and get it filled [40]. Even if they do get the epinephrine autoinjector dispensed, they may fail to carry it with them at all times [41]. Adherence to instructions to carry epinephrine can be improved with regular input from a healthcare professional [42] however, healthcare professionals need to master the complexities of epinephrine autoinjector use [43] before instructing others. People who have survived a mild anaphylaxis episode that was not treated at all, or was treated only with an antihistamine or an asthma puffer, sometimes fail to inject epinephrine because they erroneously assume that their subsequent reactions will also be mild [44]. 

Hedges SB, Kumar S Vertebrate genomes compared. Science 2002 297 1283. (The same issue—No. 5585, August 23— contains a draft version of the genome of the tiger puffer fish.)... 

With respect to toxins which target specific sites, insight can be obtained from the anomolies that are observed. For example, both puffer fish and tetrodotoxin-containing crabs (96) are insensitive to tetrodotoxin. The investigation of such insensitivities can provide information about membrane channels and their toxin binding sites. 

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