Viscosity pseudoplastic

Pseudoplastic - viscosity decreases with increasing shear rates. 

Shear thinning is shown by flow-oriented, asymmetric, rigid particles and/or shear-deformed flexible coils. In the first case, the pseudoplastic viscosity should vary with the square of the concentration because of the interactions between two particles, and in the second case only with the concentration itself. 

Patients suffering from dry eye s3mdrome complain about tear film instability. Stability can be improved by increasing the viscosity of the tear film (see also Sect. 10.4.4) [34]. Viscoelastic polymers increase viscosity but also possess elastic properties. During blinking sodium hyaluronate (Na-HA) exhibits a kind of cushioning action and induces improved protection of the ocular surface compared to classical pseudoplastic viscosity enhancing polymers. 

Pseudoplastic (viscosity decreases as shear rate increases)... 

Gum kondagogu pseudoplastic Carboxymethylation pseudoplastic Viscosity decrease after derivatization [6]... 

Rubber reinforced with shortfibers generally shows a highly pseudoplastic viscosity, obeying the power law relationship over a wide range in shear rates. The effect of... 

Colloidal dispersions often display non-Newtonian behaviour, where the proportionality in equation (02.6.2) does not hold. This is particularly important for concentrated dispersions, which tend to be used in practice. Equation (02.6.2) can be used to define an apparent viscosity, happ, at a given shear rate. If q pp decreases witli increasing shear rate, tire dispersion is called shear tliinning (pseudoplastic) if it increases, tliis is known as shear tliickening (dilatant). The latter behaviour is typical of concentrated suspensions. If a finite shear stress has to be applied before tire suspension begins to flow, tliis is known as tire yield stress. The apparent viscosity may also change as a function of time, upon application of a fixed shear rate, related to tire fonnation or breakup of particle networks. Thixotropic dispersions show a decrease in q, pp with time, whereas an increase witli time is called rheopexy. 

A common choice of functional relationship between shear viscosity and shear rate, that u.sually gives a good prediction for the shear thinning region in pseudoplastic fluids, is the power law model proposed by de Waele (1923) and Ostwald (1925). This model is written as the following equation... 

Which range should be considered The answer is the region near the origin of a plot like Fig. 2.2 for pseudoplastic materials. The slope of the tangent to a pseudoplastic curve at the origin is called the viscosity at zero rate of shear. Note that this is an extrapolation to a limit rather than an observation at zero shear (which corresponds to no flow). We shall use the symbol to indicate the viscosity of a polymer in the limit of zero shear, since the behavior is Newtonian (subscript N)in this region. 

Figure 2.5 shows some actual experimental data for versus 7, measured on a sample of polyethylene at 126°C. Note that the data are plotted on log-log coordinates. In spite of the different coordinates. Fig. 2.5 is clearly an example of pseudoplastic behavior as defined in Fig. 2.2. In this and the next several sections, we discuss shear-dependent viscosity. In this section the approach is strictly empirical, and its main application is in correcting viscosities measured...

Polymers display pseudoplasticity, with apparent viscosity decreasing as 7 increases [Eq. (2.30) and Fig. 2.2]. 

The apparent viscosity, defined as du/dj) drops with increased rate of strain. Dilatant fluids foUow a constitutive relation similar to that for pseudoplastics except that the viscosities increase with increased rate of strain, ie, n > 1 in equation 22. Dilatancy is observed in highly concentrated suspensions of very small particles such as titanium oxide in a sucrose solution. Bingham fluids display a linear stress—strain curve similar to Newtonian fluids, but have a nonzero intercept termed the yield stress (eq. 23) ... 

The flow properties of sodium alginate solutions depend on concentration. A 2.5% medium viscosity sodium alginate solution is pseudoplastic, especially at the higher shear rates in the range of 10—10,000/s. 

Properties. Xanthan gum is a cream-colored powder that dissolves in either hot or cold water to produce solutions with high viscosity at low concentration. These solutions exhibit pseudoplasticity, ie, the viscosity decreases as the shear rate increases. This decrease is instantaneous and reversible. Solutions, particularly in the presence of small amounts of electrolyte, have exceUent thermal stabiHty, and their viscosity is essentially constant over the range 0 to 80°C. They are not affected by changes in pH ranging from 2 to 10. 

Slurry Viscosity. Viscosities of magnesium hydroxide slurries are determined by the Brookfield Viscometer in which viscosity is measured using various combinations of spindles and spindle speeds, or other common methods of viscometry. Viscosity decreases with increasing rate of shear. Fluids, such as magnesium hydroxide slurry, that exhibit this type of rheological behavior are termed pseudoplastic. The viscosities obtained can be correlated with product or process parameters. Details of viscosity deterrnination for slurries are well covered in the Hterature (85,86). 

Solutions of welan are very viscous and pseudoplastic, ie, shear results in a dramatic reduction in viscosity that immediately returns when shearing is stopped, even at low polymer concentrations (230). They maintain viscosity at elevated temperatures better than xanthan gum at 135°C the viscosity half-life of a 0.4% xanthan gum solution is essentially zero, whereas a welan gum solution has a viscosity half-life of 900 minutes (230). The addition of salt to welan solutions slightly reduces viscosity, but not significantly. It has excellent stabiUty and theological properties in seawater, brine, or 3% KCl solutions... 

Effect of Shear. Concentrated aqueous solutions of poly(ethylene oxide) are pseudoplastic. The degree of pseudoplasticity increases as the molecular weight increases. Therefore, the viscosity of a given aqueous solution is a function of the shear rate used for the measurement. This relationship between viscosity and shear rate for solutions of various molecular weight poly(ethylene oxide) resins is presented in Figure 8. 

CMC hydrates rapidly and forms clear solutions. Viscosity buUding is the single most important property of CMC. DUute solutions of CMC exhibit stable viscosity because each polymer chain is hydrated, extended, and independent. The sodium carboxylate groups are highly hydrated, and the ceUulose molecule itself is hydrated. The ceUulose molecule is linear, and conversion of it into a polyanion (polycarboxylate) tends to keep it in an extended form by reason of coulombic repulsion. This same coulombic repulsion between the carboxylate anions prevents aggregation of the polymer chains. Solutions of CMC are either pseudoplastic or thixotropic, depending on the type. 

As substituent uniformity is increased, either by choosing appropriate reaction conditions or by reaction to high degrees of substitution, thixotropic behavior decreases. CMCs of DS >1.0 generally exhibit pseudoplastic rather than thixotropic rheology. Pseudoplastic solutions also decrease in viscosity under shear but recover instantaneously after the shear stress is removed. A plot of shear rate versus shear stress does not show a hysteresis loop. 

Solutions of HEC are pseudoplastic. Newtonian rheology is approached by very dilute solutions as well as by lower molecular-weight products. Viscosities change Httie between pH 2 and 12, but are affected by acid hydrolysis or alkaline oxidation under pH and temperature extremes. Viscosities of HEC solutions change reversibly with temperature, increasing when cooled and decreasing when warmed. 

HPC is available in a number of viscosity grades, ranging from about 3000 mPa-s(=cP) at 1% total soHds in water to 150 mPa-s(=cP) at 10% total sohds. HPC solutions are pseudoplastic and exceptionally smooth, exhibiting Htde or no stmcture or thixotropy. The viscosity of water solutions is not affected by changes in pH over the range of 2 to 11. Viscosities decrease as temperature is increased. HPC precipitates from water at temperatures between 40 and 45°C. Dissolved salts and other compounds can profoundly influence the precipitation temperature (50,81). 

Power consumption for impellers in pseudoplastic, Bingham plastic, and dilatant nonnewtonian fluids may be calculated by using the correlating lines of Fig. 18-17 if viscosity is obtained from viscosity-shear rate cuiwes as described here. For a pseudoplastic fluid, viscosity decreases as shear rate increases. A Bingham plastic is similar to a pseudoplastic fluid but requires that a minimum shear stress be exceeded for any flow to occur. For a dilatant fluid, viscosity increases as shear rate increases. 

For suspension of rapidly setthng particles, the impeller turbine diameter should be Df/3 to Dfl2. A clearance of less than one-seventh of the fluid depth in the vessel should be used between the lower edge of the turbine blade tips and the vessel bottom. As the viscosity of a suspension increases, the impeller diameter should be increased. This diameter may be increased to 0.6 Df and a second impeller added to avoid stagnant regions in pseudoplastic slurries. Moving the baffles halfway between the impeller periphery and the vessel wall will also help avoid stagnant fluid near the baffles. 

Figure 8.5. Apparent viscosity-shear rate curves for dilatant fluid, a Newtonian fluid and pseudoplastic fluid which have the same apparent viscosity at zero shear rate...

Typical of thermoplastics (see Chapter 8) the melts are pseudoplastic and also in common with most thermoplastics the zero shear rate apparent viscosity of linear polyethylene is related to the weight average molecular weight by the relationship... 

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