Pseudo applications

With Phenylpropanolamine at hand (or ephedrine and pseudo-ephedrine) one would next need to reduce that alpha carbon OH group to get the final amine. Strike understands that the current favorite methods for doing this involve lithium and amine. HI and red P or other iodine related protocols. So when you meth heads ruin every aspect of those methods as well, what will you do then The following are a couple of OH reduction methods (Strike thinks) that have applicable use [99-100]. 

A variation on the use of pseudo-ordered reactions is the initial rate method. In this approach to determining a reaction s rate law, a series of experiments is conducted in which the concentration of those species expected to affect the reaction s rate are changed one at a time. The initial rate of the reaction is determined for each set of conditions. Comparing the reaction s initial rate for two experiments in which the concentration of only a single species has been changed allows the reaction order for that species to be determined. The application of this method is outlined in the following example. 

The application of a 50 percent Murphree vapor-phase efficiency on a y-x magram is illustrated in Fig. 13-40. A pseudo-equilibrium cui ve is drawn halfway (on a vertical line) between the operating hnes and the true-equilibrium cui ve. The true-equilibrium cui ve is used for the first stage (the partial reboiler is assumed to be an equilibrium stage), but for 1 other stages the vapor leaving each stage is assumed to approach the equilibrium value only 50 percent of me way Consequently, the steps in Fig. 13-40 represent actual trays. 

As discussed later, the reaction-enhancement factor ( ) will be large for all extremely fast pseudo-first-order reac tions and will be large tor extremely fast second-order irreversible reaction systems in which there is a sufficiently large excess of liquid-phase reagent. When the rate of an extremely fast second-order irreversible reaction system A -t-VB produc ts is limited by the availabihty of the liquid-phase reagent B, then the reac tion-enhancement factor may be estimated by the formula ( ) = 1 -t- B /VCj. In systems for which this formula is applicable, it can be shown that the interface concentration yj will be equal to zero whenever the ratio k yV/k B is less than or equal to unity. 

An interesting application with a methylene ketone was described by Boyd for the synthesis of pseudo azulepes from the oxalene ... 

As an illustrating example for the application of the Friedel-Crafts acylation in the synthesis of complex molecules, its use in the synthesis of [2.2.2]cyclophane 13 by Cram and Truesdale shall be outlined. The reaction of [2.2]paracyclo-phane 10 with acetyl chloride gives the acetyl-[2.2]paracyclophane 11, which is converted into the pseudo-geminal disubstituted phane 12 by a Blanc reaction, and further to the triple bridge hydrocarbon 13 ... 

The models could readily be extended to three-phase impregnated composites, where the impregnation of the inclusions constitutes a third thin phase, and two further pseudo-phases may be assumed as developed between inclusions and impregnation, and impregnation and matrix. A consecutive application of the models may yield interesting results concerning the behavior of such impregnated composites. 

Rationalization of the results obtained in the substitution reactions prompted their application to topics of current interest, such as studies on the structures and biological activities of peptides, depsi-peptides, pseudo-peptides, or C2-symmetric... 

In this paper, the pseudo-kinetic rate constant method in which the kinetic treatment of a multicomponent polymerization reduces to that of a hcmopolymerization is extensively applied for the statistical copolymerization of vinyl/divinyl monomers and applications to the pre- and post-gelation periods are illustrated. 

Application of the Method of Mcanents. In order to apply the method of moments (6,7), the pseudo-kinetic rate constant for the crosslinking reaction should be defined as follows. 

A large variety of nucleobases have also been used and developed in a PNA backbone context (Tab. A4). Several of these are routinely used in PNA applications. The pseudo isocytosine (Nl) is employed in the Hoogsteen strand of tri-... 

There are actually two independent time periods involved, t and t. The time period ti after the application of the first pulse is incremented systematically, and separate FIDs are obtained at each value of t. The second time period, represents the detection period and it is kept constant. The first set of Fourier transformations (of rows) yields frequency-domain spectra, as in the ID experiment. When these frequency-domain spectra are stacked together (data transposition), a new data matrix, or pseudo-FID, is obtained, S(absorption-mode signals are modulated in amplitude as a function of t. It is therefore necessary to carry out second Fourier transformation to convert this pseudo FID to frequency domain spectra. The second set of Fourier transformations (across columns) on S (/j, F. produces a two-dimensional spectrum S F, F ). This represents a general procedure for obtaining 2D spectra. 

Recent work in our laboratory has shown that Fourier Transform Infrared Reflection Absorption Spectroscopy (FT-IRRAS) can be used routinely to measure vibrational spectra of a monolayer on a low area metal surface. To achieve sensitivity and resolution, a pseudo-double beam, polarization modulation technique was integrated into the FT-IR experiment. We have shown applicability of FT-IRRAS to spectral measurements of surface adsorbates in the presence of a surrounding infrared absorbing gas or liquid as well as measurements in the UHV. We now show progress toward situ measurement of thermal and hydration induced conformational changes of adsorbate structure. The design of the cell and some preliminary measurements will be discussed. 

Instead of measuring only the time-dependent dipolar interaction via NOE, it is also possible to determine dipolar couplings directly if the solute molecule is partially aligned in so-called alignment media. The most important resulting anisotropic parameters are RDCs, but residual quadrupolar couplings (RQCs), residual chemical shift anisotropy (RCSA) and pseudo-contact shifts (PCSs) can also be used for structure determination if applicable. 

---