Provenance age

Damage analysis and the restoration of ancient monuments, as well as the determination of provenance, age, type of material, and manufacturing technologies of historical objects of art (archaeometry). 

Insulation systems were first classified according to the material used, and permissible temperatures were established based on the thermal aging characteristics of these materials. For example. Class B insulation was defined as inorganic materials such as mica and glass with organic binders 130°C was the allowable maximum operating temperature. The present definition of insulation system Class B stipulates that the system be proven. . by experience or accepted tests. .. to have adequate life expectancy at its rated temperature, such life expectancy to equal or... 

Without antioxidants virtually all rubber products, including those made from modem synthetic rubbers, undergo unacceptable performance degradation upon aging [195]. Various aromatic materials and particularly phenols have proven to... 

The selectivity in a system of parallel reactions does not depend much on the catalyst size if effective diffusivities of reactants, intermediates, and products are similar. The same applies to consecutive reactions with the product desired being the final product in the series. In contrast with this, for consecutive reactions in which the intermediate is the desired product, the selectivity much depends on the catalyst size. This was proven by Edvinsson and Cybulski (1994, 1995) for. selective hydrogenations and also by Colen et al. (1988) for the hydrogenation of unsaturated fats. Diffusion limitations can also affect catalyst deactivation. Poisoning by deposition of impurities in the feed is usually slower for larger particles. However, if carbonaceous depositions are formed on the catalyst internal surface, ageing might not depend very much on the catalyst size. 

Most of the essential information on archaeological materials is derived, at the present time, using physical methods of analysis. This may include the qualitative or quantitative assessment of their composition, their provenance, the techniques used for their production, and their age. Some of the most widely used methods of chemical analysis based on physical principles are succinctly reviewed in the following paragraphs. 

The isotopes of many elements (see Textbox 12) provide important tools for obtaining information on many archaeological investigations their use may enable researchers, for example, to determine the provenance (see Textbox 30) or the age of materials (see Textboxes 15 and 16), calculating ancient temperatures (see Textbox 47), or elucidating the nature of the ancient diets of human beings as well as of animals (see Textbox 59). 

Cherry, J. F. and A. B. Knapp (1991), Quantitative provenance studies and Bronze Age trade in the Mediterranean Some preliminary reflections, in Gale, N. H. (ed.), Studies in Mediterranean Archaeology, Astroms, Jonsered, Vol. 40, pp. 92-111. 

Yegingil, Z. and T. Lunel (1990), Provenance studies of obsidian artifacts determined by using fission track ages and trace element analysis, Nucl. Tracks Rad. Meas. 17(3), 433. 

Ultrasonic vocalizations are emitted by rat pups (under the age of 14 days) when they are isolated from their mother, and are thought to reflect anxiety. This measure has proven sensitive to both anxiolytic and anxiogenic manipulation of GABA neurotransmission. However, the early developmental window used is problematic, in that chronic drug administration probably results in a variety of compensatory changes not seen in adulthood, and may alter development of relevant brain systems. Indeed, in contrast to the clinical situation, the antidepressant clomipramine has acute, but not chronic, anxiolytic efficacy in this model. 

The drug can likely be used safely in older children but should be used with caution in children less than 5 years of age, in whom visual acuity cannot be monitored. In younger children, ethambutol at the dose of 15 mg/kg per day can be used if there is suspected or proven resistance to isoniazid or rifampin. 

Negash, A., Shackley, M.S., Aleve, M. 2006. Source provenance of obsidian artifacts from Early Stone Age (ESA) site of Melka Konture, Ethiopia, Journal Archaeological Science, 33, 1647-1650. 

Knapp, A.B. and Cherry, J.F. (1994). Provenance Studies and Bronze Age Cyprus Production, Exchange and Politico-Economic Change. Monographs in World Archaeology 21, Prehistory Press, Madison. 

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