Prototyping test conditions

Operating parameters of the prototype equipment are used for running the prototype tests. These parameters are also used in running the basic study tests, but in a wider range to prove the validity of the basic correlations under broader conditions. 

Because of the sensitivity of friction to so many variables, it is often desirable, if not essential, to test the actual product in a prototype test rig. Certain of the slip resistance tests have headed in that direction by using complete shoes as the slider. Similarly, instrumented systems are used to investigate the grip of tyres under real road conditions. Generally, a product test rig will be the best approach for items such as bottle closures and bearings. 

The laser flash method has been used by Foreman36 and by Agari et al60, the latter considering the effect of test conditions and sample size on accuracy. Papa et al61 developed a prototype apparatus that operated with step-down temperature perturbations and could be used with molten samples. 

Figure 21 shows two prototypes of the monolithic Z-type interconnected modules, fabricated by Aisin Seiki in Japan. Note that carbon is used as a back contact to cut cost. Field tests of such modules already started several years ago and the results of these tests revealed advantages of the DSC with regards to silicon panels under realistic outdoor conditions. Thus, for equal rating under standard test conditions the DSC modules produced 20-30% more energy under real outdoor conditions than the polycrystalfine silicon (pc-Si) modules. A photograph of the test station comparing the two types of photovoltaic technologies is shown in Fig. 22. The superior performance of the DSC can be ascribed to the following factors ...

Unlike many laboratory and prototype testing facilities, which are hampered by major problems when commercially installed, these engines were developed and tested in a "working environment. These operating conditions are typically encountered at site installations. 

Essential to the development of new LADD products is the evaluation of their performance. It is important that the test conditions closely reproduce the conditions encountered by the consumer under typical household situations therefore, prototype formulas are usually tested in actual dishwashing machines using real food soils. 

Both the pilot plant and the prototype tests have demonstrated the excellent SO2 control capability of the technology. SO2 removal efficiencies in excess of 95% have been consistently achieved. The use of finely ground limestone is necessary, but at the same time the limestone utilization is quite good—well in excess of 95%. Reasonable soda ash makeup rates were established in the pilot plant tests but could not be verified at Scholz due primarily to the poor mechanical condition of the equipment. 

The MS tests of the first nib prototypes were conclusive a spray was observed after application of an HV on the liquid and the signal was stable for the various tested conditions. Figure 5.5 shows the total ion current (TIC) spectrum recorded over a period of 2 min using a 5 pM Gramicidin S sample... 

Construction of a scale model must be accompanied with an analysis to determine test conditions that ensure the test results from the scale model are representative of the processes in the prototype. In combustion applications, although most of the processes are inherently at elevated temperatures, physical modeling is usually carried out under isothermal conditions. Isothermal physical modeling technique is based on the principle of relaxation. Under this principle, the variables that are important for the phenomena under study are stressed. The variables that are stressed are duplicated as necessary to obtain a representative result. No scale physical model can be an exact model of the reality unless an exact full-scale prototype is made. However, by using accurate correlations the modeling work can provide a good qualitative understanding of the fluid dynamics in the prototype. This chapter attempts to answer the question How does one ensure that the scale model test results are representative of the actual processes in the prototype ... 

In determining the force necessary to actuate the valve in design conditions (for example against the forces due to a LOCA flow rate in the pipe), it must be taken into account that many analytical methods used are unreliable and that the best demonstration is offered by a held test or prototyping in conditions equivalent to the design ones (the tests at reduced pressure are hardly extrapolated). It has to be remembered, also, that any valve which is not blocked (either locked or provided with a control room actuator with a key stored elsewhere) must be considered prone to erroneous positioning and... 

Most programs do not consider these effects and here, again, it is advisable to supplement the CAD/CAM analysis and design with evaluation of the effects of these conditions on the part performance. In questionable cases prototype testing will be desirable to determine whether there is an adverse effect on the product. 

Complications could develop during processing with press fits in that a round hub or boss may not be the correct shape. Strict processing controls are used to eliminate these type potential problems. There is a tendency for a round hub to be slightly elliptical in cross-section, increasing the stresses on the part. For critical product performance and in view of what could occur, life-type prototyping testing should be conducted under actual service conditions in critical applications. 

The radiation sources in the irradiation facility should be properly designed, manufactured and prototype tested to maintain their integrity under normal and, to the extent practicable, accident conditions. The supplier should provide documentation to demonstrate the quality performance of the sources. 

Although polyacetylene has served as an excellent prototype for understanding the chemistry and physics of electrical conductivity in organic polymers, its instabiUty in both the neutral and doped forms precludes any useful appHcation. In contrast to poly acetylene, both polyaniline and polypyrrole are significantly more stable as electrical conductors. When addressing polymer stabiUty it is necessary to know the environmental conditions to which it will be exposed these conditions can vary quite widely. For example, many of the electrode appHcations require long-term chemical and electrochemical stabihty at room temperature while the polymer is immersed in electrolyte. Aerospace appHcations, on the other hand, can have quite severe stabiHty restrictions with testing carried out at elevated temperatures and humidities. 

Amongst the factors that will influence service performance are the effect of additives and impurities, temperature, detailed geometric size and shape, orientation and morphology, surface condition, energy and speed of any impacting blow, the shape of the impacting instrument, the environment, and strains in the article due to external loads. For this reason it is desirable, but not always feasible, to test prototype articles under conditions as close to service conditions as possible. 

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