Proton induced y-ray emission

Characterization of the solid phases Si, A1 and Na contents were determined by proton-induced Y-ray emission (PIGE) (11,57) or by high resolution solid state i—NMR spectroscopy (49,50,58)... 

F. Bodart, G. Demortier, Interferences of neutron-induced y-ray emission in Ge(Li) detectors in elemental analysis by proton-induced y-ray emission, Radiochem. Ra-dioanal. Lett. 31 (1977) 215-224. 

Obsidian, a volcanic glass, is generally formed when volcanic lava comes in contact with water. Often the lava pours into a lake or an ocean and is cooled quickly. This process produces a glassy texture. Many studies are devoted to the determination of source sites as it is a very widespread material in prehistory used for tools [36]. Coote et at. [37] examined 120 specimens by means of proton-induced y-ray emission (PIGE) and found that the F/Na ratio is well suited to distinguish between different source sites. Melanesian obsidian was studied using the same method [38,67]. 

J.R. Bird, L.H. Russell, W.R. Ambrose, M.D. Scott, Obsidian characterized with elemental analysis by proton induced y-ray emission, Anal. Chem. 50 (14) (1978) 2082-2084. 

Fig. 6. (a) Samples of the mid-sections of long bones are best suited for fluorine profiling, as this skeletal position provides the most uniform conditions. All scans were performed in the direction from the periosteal surface towards the marrow cavity. Two-dimensional maps were collected in some samples, (b) Fluorine was analysed by PIGE (proton-induced y-emission), while the distributions of Ca, Fe, Mn and Zn were detected by PIXE (proton-induced X-ray emission). C and N were analysed by NRA and emitted protons were detected in both cases, (c) Examples of developed and non-developed fluorine profiles in archaeological bone samples. The profile of an artificially fluorine enriched fresh bone sample is shown for comparison. 

Simonoff M, Llabador Y, Hamon C, et al. 1984. Extraction procedure for the determination of trace chromium in plasma by proton-induced X-ray emission spectrometry. Anal Chem 56 454-457. 

In addition to activation by thermal ( 0.04 eV), epithermal (>0.1eV), or fast neutrons (14MeV), a variety of charged particles (p, d, a, etc.) and y-rays have been used when special sources are available. For example, l-5MeV protons from a van de Graaff electrostatic generator produce X rays from the excited intermediate in a technique designated by the acronym FIXE (proton-induced X-ray emission), ... 

Particle-induced y-ray emission In PIGE, the prompt y-rays from various reactions are detected during irradiation. Tritons ( H) as well as protons have been used as bombarding particles in this application. Alpha-particles do not produce y-rays from sulfur bombardment at practical ion energies. 

These advantages make the ion-y reactions a particularly useful elemental analysis technique. Because the detection technique is different from the detection of both X-rays in PIXE and particles in RBS and NRA, the method got in practice a distinctive name particle-induced 7-ray emission (PIGE), where the word particle means mostly proton. PIGE is often used simultaneously with PIXE, and its suitability for the analysis of light elements (mainly Li, B, F, Na, Mg, Al, and Si) complements the performance of PIXE well. Among y-ray emissions induced by various types of particles, the deuteron-induced 7-ray emission (DIGE) deserves the most practical interest, because it is also sensitive to C, N, and O, and its high cross sections... 

PIXE analysis method has been applied primarily for the nondestructive elemental analysis of ancient copper coins. However, the high 3uelds of the copper X-rays and the high background which is created, cause serious difficulties in the accurate determination of zinc, nickel, iron, and in general for the elements with medium and low atomic numbers (Katsanos et al. 1986). For this reason, the complementary methods of proton-induced prompt y-ray emission and proton activation methods have been explored. PIXE has been used in... 

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