Proton exchange membrane fuel cell technique

Allison Gas Turbine Division, Research and Development of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells for Transportation, U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Transportation Techniques, Washington, DC, 1996. (Available through National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA.)... 

SD is routinely used to deposit thin films and has proven benefits from economies of scale in the metallization of plastics. The technique has already been used to create enhanced and unique MEAs for H2 -air proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) systems. In this project, JPL is pursuing the use of SD to create DMFC membrane electrode assembly structures with highly electro-active catalyst layers that will reduce the amount and cost of the Pt-alloy catalyst at the fuel cell anode. 

K. Shah, W.C. Shin, and R.S. Besser, A PDMS micro proton exchange membrane fuel cell by conventional and non-conventional microfabrication techniques. Sensors and Actuators B, 97 (2004) 157-167. 

Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy is usually presented in electrochemistry handbooks [12-22], although such presentations are usually quite brief. There are few books on impedance in English [3, 23-26], one in Russian [27], one on differential impedance analysis [28], and many chapters on specific topics [29-72]. The first book [23] on the topic was edited by Macdonald and centered on solid materials the second edition [24] by Macdonald and Barsoukov was enlarged by including other applications. Recently, three new books, by Orazem and Tribollet [3], by Yuan et al. [26] on proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEM EC), and by Lvovich [25], have been published, while that by Stoynov et al. [27] was never translated into English. A third edition of the book by Macdonald and Barsoukov is in preparation. However, not all aspects of EIS are presented, and these books are not complete in the presentation of their applications. Plenty of review articles on different aspects of impedance and its applications have been published however, they are very specific and can usually be used only by readers who aheady know the basics of this technique. A Scopus search for electrochemical impedance spectroscopy to the end of 2012 comes up with 18,000 papers, most of them since 1996. 

Applications of NMR Techniques in the Development and Operation of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells... 

Volume 88 of Annual Reports on NMR Spectroscopy begins with Reviewing 47/49 i i Solid-State NMR Spectroscopy From Alloys and Simple Compounds to Catalysts and Porous Materials by B.E.G. Lucier and Y. Huang this is followed by an account on Advances in Al MAS NMR Studies of Geopolymers by J. Brus, S. Abbrent, L. Kobera, M. Urbanova, and P. Cuba Applications of NMR Techniques in the Development and Operation of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells are covered by L. Yan, Y. Hu, X. Zhang, and B. Yue K. Damodaran presents a report on Recent NMR Studies of Ionic Liquids Recent SoHd-State C NMR Studies of Liquid Crystals are reviewed by K. Yamada the volume concludes with an account of A Toolbox of Solid-State NMR Experiments for the Characterization of Soft Organic Nanomaterials by L.A. Straaso, Q. Saleem, and M.R. Hansen. 

Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells—a selection of PEM fuel cell review paper on various key components and analysis techniques. High temperature PEM fuel cells are also included. 

Guilminot E, Corcella A, Chatenet M, Maillard F (2007) Comparing the thin-film rotating disk eleetrode and the ultramicroelectrode with cavity techniques to study earbon-supported platinum for proton exchange membrane fuel cell applications. J Electroanal Chem 599 (1) 111-120... 

Phosphoric acid fuel cells have successfully been commercialized. Second generation fuel cells include solid oxide fuel cells and molten carbonate fuel cells. Research is ongoing in areas such as fuel options and new ceramic materials. Different manufacturing techniques are also being sought to help reduce capital costs. Proton exchange membrane fuel cells are still in the development and testing phase. 

Prasanna M, Cho EA, Kim HI, Oh IH, Lim TH, Hong SA. Performance of proton-exchange membrane fuel cells using the catalyst-gradient electrode technique. J Power Sources 2007 166 53-8. 

Figure 23.30. Comparison of the cumulative carbon corrosion following a 24-h 1.2 V potentiostatic hold at 80 °C in 1 M H2SO4 for two commercial carbons COl, C02 and one heat-treated carbon C03, and platinum and Pt/Co alloy catalysts on these carbons [95]. (Reprinted from Journal of Power Sources, 166(1), Prasanna M, Cho EA, Kim H-J, Oh I-H, Lim T-H, Hong S-A, Performance of proton-exchange membrane fuel cells using the catalyst-gradient electrode technique, 18-25, 2007, with permission from Elsevier.)...

Legros B, Thivel P-X, Bultel Y, Boinet M and Nogueira R P (2010), Acoustic emission towards a real-time diagnosis technique for proton exchange membrane fuel cell operation , J. Power Sources, 195, 8124—8133. 

WiUdnson M Blanco M, Guy E and Martin J J (2006), "In situ experimental technique for measurement of temperature and current distribution in proton exchange membrane fuel cells, Electrochem. Sol. State Letters, 9,A507-511. 

Gurau, V. and Mann Jr, J. A. 2010. Technique for characterization of the wettabiUty properties of gas diffusion media for proton exchange membrane fuel cells. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 350 577-580. 

Heo, S. I., Oh, K. S., Yun, J. C. et al. 2007. Development of preform moulding technique using expanded graphite for proton exchange membrane fuel cell bipolar plates. Journal of Power Sources 171 396-403. 

Scheiba, E, Benker, N., Kunza, U., Rotha, C. Fuess H. Electron microscopy techniques for the analysis of the polymer electrolyte distribution in proton exchange membrane fuel-cells. J. Power Sources 111 (2008), pp. 273-280. 

The bicontinuous-microemulsion polymerization technique has also been used to develop novel proton exchange membranes (PEM) for fuel cell evaluation [97]. A series of hydrocarbon-based membranes were prepared based on the formulation shown in Fig. 5, with additional ionic vinyl monomers such as VB-SLi or bis-3-sulfopropyl-itaconic acid ester. After polymerization, the membranes were treated with dilute H2SO4 (0.5 M) to convert them to PEM membranes. The good performance of these PEM membranes in a single fuel cell is illustrated in Fig. 9. 

For use in proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells (see section 3.6), the CO contamination in the hydrogen produced must be below 50 ppm (parts per million). This is due to the poisoning limit of typical platinum catalysts used in PEM cells. The implication is the need for a final CO cleaning treatment, unless the main reaction steps (2.1) and (2.2) can be controlled so accurately that all reactants are accounted for. This CO cleaning stage may involve one of the following three techniques preferential oxidation. 

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