Proton exchange membrane fluorinated sulfonated

Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell (PEFC) The electrolyte in this fuel cell is an ion exchange membrane (fluorinated sulfonic acid polymer or other similar polymer) that is an excellent proton conductor. The only liquid in this fuel cell is water thus, corrosion problems are minimal. Water management in the membrane is critical for efficient performance the fuel cell must operate under conditions where the byproduct water does not evaporate faster than it is produced because the membrane must be hydrated. Because of the limitation on the operating... 

Phadnis, S., Patri, M., Chandrasekhar, L. and Deb, P. C. 2005. Proton-exchange membranes via the grafting of styrene and acrylic acid onto fluorinated ethylene propylene copolymer by a preirradiation technique. III. Thermal and mechanical properties of the membranes and their sulfonated derivatives. Journal of Applied Polymer Science 97 1418-1425. 

H. Ghassemi, J.E. McGrath, T.A. Zawodzinski, Jr., Multiblock sulfonated-fluorinated poly(arylene ether)s for a proton exchange membrane fuel cell. Polymer 2006, 47(11), 4132-M139. 

Chapter 6 deals with the description of different membranes used in direct alcohol fuel cells. Firstly, the properties of Nafion and its inorganic and organic composites are analyzed, focused on the proton cmiductivity and alcohol permeability, which determine the alcohol selectivity of the modified Nafion membranes. Then, a number of alternative non-fluorinated proton conducting membranes, including sulfonated polyimides, poly(arylene ether)s, polysulfones, poly(vinyl alcohol), polystyrenes, and acid-doped polybenzimidazoles, are described in relation to their selectivity in comparison to Nafion. The chapter includes a comprehensive summary of the relative selectivity of these membranes and their performance in direct alcohol fuel cells. Anion exchange membranes for alkaline direct alcohol fuel cells are also reviewed. 

A. Ghosh, S. Banerjee, Sulfonated fluorinated-aromatic polymers as proton exchange membranes, e-Polym. 14 (4) (2014) 227-257. 

A. Sannigrahi, S. Takamuku, P. Jannasch, Block copolymers combining semi-fluorinated poly(arylene ether) and sulfonated poly(arylene ether sulfone) segments for proton exchange membranes, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 39 (28) (2014) 15718-15727. 

B. Liu, G.P. Robertson, M.D. Guiver, Y.M. Sun, Y.L. Liu, J.Y. Lai, S.D. Mikhailenko, S. Kaliaguine, Sulfonated poly(aryl ether ether ketone ketone)s containing fluorinated moieties as proton exchange membrane materials, J. Polym. Sci. Part B Polymer Physics 44 (16) (2006)2299-2310. 

A.K. Mohanty, E.A. Mistri, A. Ghosh, S. Banerjee, Synthesis and characterization of novel fluorinated poly(arylene ether sulfone) s containing pendant sulfonic acid groups for proton exchange membrane materials, J. Memb. Sci. 409 10 (2012) 145-155. 

R. Mukherjee, A.K. Mohanty, S. Banerjee, H. Komber, B. Voit, Phthalimidine based fluorinated sulfonated poly(arylene ether sulfone)s copolymer proton exchange membranes, J. Memb. Sci. 435 (2013) 145-154. 

Z. Qiu, S. Wu, Z. Li, S. Zhang, W. Xing, C. Liu, Sulfonated poly (arylene-co-naphthalimide) s synthesized by copolymerization of primarily sulfonated monomer and fluorinated naphthalimide dichlorides as novel polymers for proton exchange membranes. Macromolecules 39 (19)(2006) 6425-6432. 

Abhishek, R., Yu, X., Dunn, S., and McGrath, ).E. (2009) Influence of microstructure and chemical composition on proton exchange membrane properties of sulfonated-fluorinated hydrophilic-hydrophobic multiblock copolymers. J. Membr. Sci., 327 (1-2), 118-124. 

Li Y, Roy A, Badami AS, Hill M, Yang J, Dunn S, McGrath JE (2007) Synthesis and characterization of partially fluorinated hydrophobic-hydrophilic multiblock copolymers containing sulfonate groups for proton exchange membrane. J Power Sources 172 30... 

Yu X, Roy A, Dunn S, Yang J, McGrath JE (2006) Synthesis and characterization of sulfonated-fluorinated, hydrophilic-hydrophobic multiblock copolymers for proton exchange membranes. Macromol Symp 2457246 439-449... 

The heart of the PEM fuel cell is the proton exchange membrane, which transports protons from the anode to the cathode. The membrane also serves to separate the fuel and oxidant gas phases and electronically insulates the cathode from the anode. The most typical membrane is a sulfonated per-fluorinated polymer. The Nation family of membranes made by DuPont is representative of this class, and is based on a sulfonated tetrafluoroethylene-based fluoropolymer-copolymer, with the chemical structure represented in Figure 1.2. The sulfonic acid (SO3H) groups on the side chains allow the protons or other cations to "hop" from one acid site to another, in the presence of water. The exact mechanism of the proton movement is an area of significant research. An active area of research is the development of hydrocarbon-based... 

The PEFC was first developed for the Gemini space vehicle by General Electric, USA. In this fuel cell type, the electrolyte is an ion-exchange membrane, specifically, a fluorinated sulfonic acid polymer or other similar solid polymer. In general, the polymer consists of a polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon) backbone with a perfluorinated side chain that is terminated with a sulfonic acid group, which is an outstanding proton conductor. Hydration of the membrane yields dissociation and solvation of the proton of the acid group, since the solvated protons are mobile within the polymer. Subsequently, the only liquid necessary for the operation of this fuel cell type is water [7,8],... 

A fluorinated sulfonic acid containing ionomer. The most commonly used polymer in proton exchange fuel cell membranes today. 

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