Proteins, chemical synthesis pharmaceuticals

Keywords Drug discovery Mirror image phage-display Native chemical ligation Peptide desulfurization Peptide ligation Peptide synthesis Protein chemical synthesis Protein pharmaceutical Racemic protein crystallography... 

There is a tendency to reserve semisynthetic and totally synthetic methods for the introduction of bonds and residues that cannot be specified by the genetic code. The present chapter will concentrate on these aspects. However, semisynthesis can have a role to play even when building structures that are completely accessible to the genetic code. The first industrial challenge for the emerging technologies of total chemical synthesis, recombinant protein expression, and semisynthesis was the economic production of human insulin in pharmaceutically usable quantity and quality. The semisynthetic human insulin that was made from porcine insulin proved exceptionally convenient to produce, and was the first introduction to human insulin for very many patients. 

So far, peptide synthesis has mainly involved the preparation of biologically or pharmaceutically relevant substances, total chemical synthesis of natural proteins or protein engineering. The objective of this chapter is to show how the different methods that have been developed for peptide synthesis can be used to prepare biologically-inspired supramolecular architectures and polymeric materials, which might be of potential interest for a variety of advanced applications. 

The environmentally benign, nontoxic and nonflammable fluids water and carbon dioxide (CO2) are the two most abundant and inexpensive solvents on earth. Vater-in-CO2 (W/C) or C02-in-water (C/W) dispersions in the form of microemulsions and emulsions offer new possibilities in waste minimization for the replacement of organic solvents in fields including chemical processing, pharmaceuticals, and microlectronics for solubilization and separations (e.g., proteins, ions, heavy metals), particle formation, enzymatic catalysis, organometallic catalysis, and synthesis of polymer colloids and inorganic nanoparticles (2,13,11). 

Riboflavin, also known as vitamin B2, is the central component of FAD and FMN, and is therefore required by all flavo proteins. It plays an important role in the metabolism of fats, ketone bodies, carbohydrates, and proteins. Riboflavin for industrial use is mainly produced from ascomycete fungi in aerobic fermentation. Three quarters of riboflavin is used as a feed additive and the remaining is used as food additives and in pharmaceuticals. Furthermore, FMN can be synthesized by chemical phosphorylation from riboflavin, while FAD can be produced by chemical synthesis or by microbial transformation, which uses FMN and ATP as the substrates. ... 

Amino acids are organic compounds having one or more amino groups and carboxylic groups and are the basic biomolecules of proteins. Amino acids find applications in food and feed, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries. Even though amino acids can be produced by enzymatic synthesis, chemical synthesis, and as protein hydrolysate extracts, microbial fermentation has been the most favored means of production. The development of fermentation process assured the production of biologically active L-form of the... 

Proteases Proteins Proteolysis Detergents, food, pharmaceutical, chemicals synthesis... 

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