Protein-resistant surfaces

Fig. 25a and b. A protein resistant surface based on the steric repulsion argument commonly used in the colloid stability field U0). The interaction between a polyethylene oxide grafted surface and a protein solution is shown, a. suggests an excluded volume or steric repulsion mechanism b. the surface dynamics or polymer chain motion mechanism (from Ref., 33))... 

Of course, a poly(ethylene oxide)-functionalized SAM may be further functionalized with suitable groups to ensure protein grafting on the SAM surface. The best choice for these purposes are active esters functionalization of oligo(ethylene oxide) SAMs with biotin85 has also been reported. The adsorption of poly(ethylene oxide)-functionalized disulfides on gold surfaces has been proven to give SAMs with protein-resistant surfaces comparable to those obtained from oligo(ethylene oxide)-functionalized thiols.86... 

The possibility of a selective interaction between proteins and the outermost surface of polyelectrolyte multilayers [108] may become of outstanding importance in the development of engineering protein resistant surfaces for various biomedical applications by wet chemical surface modification. 

Finally, we note that in a very recent work Heuberger et al. investigated protein-resistant copolymer monolayers of PEG grafted to poly(L-lysine) (PLL) (PLL-g-PEG) in terms of the role of water in surface grafted PEG layers [159], interaction forces and morphology [160], compressibility, temperature dependence and molecular architecture [161], PEG is often used in biomedical applications in order to create protein-resistant surfaces but the mechanisms responsible for the protein-repelling properties of PEG are not fully understood. 

Protein-resistant surfaces based on alkylthiol SAMs... 

Andrade JD, Hlady V, Wei AP, et al. Proteins at interfaces principles, multivariate aspects, protein resistant surfaces, and direct imaging and manipulation of adsorbed proteins. Clin Mater 1992 ll(l ) 67-84. 

Stachowiak TB, Svec F, Frechet JMJ. Pattemable protein resistant surfaces for multifunctional microfluidic devices via surface hydrophilization of porous polymer monoliths using photografting. Chem Mater 2006 18(25) 5950—7. 

Recently, new classes of synthetic and natural polymers such as zwitterionic polymers [215-221], peptoids [222], carbohydrate and glycerol derivatives [223-225], and poly-L-lysine-graft-dextran [226] have anerged as candidate materials for the development of non-PEG protein-resistant surfaces. For example, Jiang and coworkers danonstrated that zwitterionic materials such as poly(sulfobetaine methacrylate) were not only highly resistant to nonspecific protein adsorption [227-230] but also able to significantly decrease bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation [231]. 

Hester, J. R, Banerjee, R, and Mayes, A. M. 1999. Rreparation of protein-resistant surfaces on poly(vinyhdene fluoride) membranes via surface segregation. Macromolecules 32 1643-1650. 

PEGylation is also the most widely used bioinert polymeric surface coating currently used [39]. Although it is considered as a gold standard for protein-resistant surfaces, recent observations indicate that PEGylation is far from being the optimal candidate for biomedical applications. Even though PEG is... 

J.H. Lee, J. Kopecek, and J.D. Andrade. Protein-resistant surfaces prepared by PEO-containing block copolymer surfactants. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 23 351-368(1989). 

Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) has been of great interest in the preparation of protein-resistant surfaces, and PEG coatings have proven to successfully reduce or prevent nonspecific protein adsorption, especially when they are in a brush conformation. PEG—a simple linear poly ether—does, however, have some limitations for instance it is susceptible to thermal and oxidative... 

Several ways to create protein-resistant surfaces have been proposed poly(ethylene glycol) chemistry, func-... 

Holmberg, K., Tiberg, E, Malmsten, M., Brink, C. Grafting with hydrophilic polymer chains to prepare protein-resistant surfaces. CoUoids Surf. Physicochem. Eng. Asp. 123-124, 297-306 (1997). doi 10.1016/S0927-7757(96)03810-l... 

Feng W, Zhu S, Ishihara K, Brash JL (2006) Protein resistant surfaces comparison of acrylate graft polymers bearing oligo-ethylene oxide and phosphraylcholine side chains. Biointerphases 1(1) 50... 

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