Protein palmitoylated

As discussed for N-myristoylation and S-prenylation, even S-acylation of proteins with a fatty acid which in the vast majority of cases is the C16 0 palmitic acid, plays a fundamental role in the cellular signal-transduction process (Table l). 2-5 14 While N-myristoylation and S-prenylation are permanent protein modifications due to the amide- and sulfide-type linkage, the thioester bond between palmitic acid and the peptide chain is rather labile and palmi-toylation is referred to as a dynamic modification. 64 This reversibility plays a crucial role in the modulation of protein functions since the presence or absence of a palmitoyl chain can determine the membrane localization of the protein and can also be used to regulate the interactions of these proteins with other proteins. Furthermore, a unique consensus sequence for protein palmitoylation has not been found, in contrast to the strict consensus sequences required for N-myristoylation and S-prenylation. Palmitoylation can occur at N- or C-terminal parts of the polypeptide chain depending on the protein family and often coexists with other types of lipidation (see Section 6.4.1.4). Given the diversity of protein sequences... 

Creaser SP, Peterson BR. Sensitive and rapid analysis of protein palmitoylation with a synthetic cell-permeable mimic of Src oncoproteins. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002 124 2444-2445. 

Gly (21), protein C-terminal prennylation on Cys residues (22), and protein palmitoylation on Cys residues that are close to membrane surface (23). These lipid modifications occur to many signaling proteins, which include G protein-coupled receptors and small G proteins, and they play important roles in signal transduction and membrane trafficking (24). 

Roth AF, et al. Global analysis of protein palmitoylation in yeast. Cell Cycle 2006 125 1003-1013. 

Ras membrane association. For example, treatment of cells that express GFP-H-Ras with FTTs causes GFP-H-Ras to mislo-calize to the cytoplasm, which indicates that famesylation is required for membrane association. Compounds that block protein palmitoylation, such as 2-bromopalmitate, can also be used to determine whether palmitoylation is required for Ras-related proteins to associate with the plasma membrane (46 8). 

Webb Y, Hermida-Matsumoto L, Resh MD. Inhibition of protein palmitoylation, raft localization, and t cell signaling by 2-bromopalmitate and polyunsaturated fatty acids. J. Biol. Chem. 2000 275 261-270. 

Drisdel RC, Green WN. Labeling and quantifying sites of protein palmitoylation. Biotechniques 2004 36 276-285. 

Dunphy, J.T. and Linder, M.E. (1998) Signalling functions of protein palmitoylation. 

Ouricury wax Palmamidopropyl betaine Palmitamide DEA Palmitamide MEA Palmitamidopropylamine oxide Palmitamidopropyl betaine Palmitamidopropyl diethylamine Palmitamidopropyl dimethylamine Palmitamidopropyl dimethylamine lactate Palmitamidopropyl dimethylamine propionate Palmitamine Palmitamine oxide Palmitoleamidopropyl dimethylamine lactate Palmitoleamidopropyl dimethylamine propionate Palmitoyl collagen amino acids Palmitoyl hydrolyzed collagen Palmitoyl hydrolyzed milk protein Palmitoyl keratin... 

Capryloyl hydrolyzed collagen Dipalmitoyl hydroxyproline Disodium stearyl sulfosuccinamate Hydrolyzed wheat protein Palmitoyl collagen amino acids... 

Palmitamidopropyl betaine Palmitamine oxide Palmitoyl hydrolyzed collagen Palmitoyl hydrolyzed wheat protein Palmitoyl keratin amino acids... 

Corvi, M.M., Alonso, A.M., and Caballero, M.C. (2012). Protein Palmitoylation and Pathogenesis in Apicomplexan Parasites. Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology Volume 2012 (2012), Article ID 483969,9 pages... 

Palmitoylation, the addition of 16 0 to a protein, is also commonly observed. This modification to the sulfydryl side chain of cysteine residues occurs post-translationally and is reversible. Both membrane-associated proteins and integral membrane proteins can be palmitoylated examples are ion channels, neurotransmitter receptors, and sonic hedgehog. Protein palmitoyl transferases also use the CoA derivative of the fatty acid as a substrate. Several proteins are modified with both an N-terminal 14 0 and an S-linked 16 0 elsewhere in the protein chain, o-subunits of heterotrimeric G-proteins and endothelial nitric oxide synthase are examples of dually acylated proteins. 

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