Protein/energy ratios

Fomon SJ, et al. What is the safe protein-energy ratio for infant formulas Am J CUn Nutr. 1995 62(2) 358-63. 

Fomon SJ, et al. Infant formula with protein-energy ratio of 1.7 g/100 kcal is adequate but may not be safe. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 1999 28(5) 495-501. 

Fig. 3. A portrayal of possible protein energy ratios. A bivariate distribution exists, each point carrying a different probability of inadequacy for a randomly selected individual. Here "inadequacy" of the ratio implies that when dietary intake stops because of satiation of energy needs, the individual s protein needs have not been met.

Table 10.7 The protein content and protein-energy ratios of various foods...

At first, new foods are given in addition to milk feeds and should be in puree form, but as the quantity increases they replace the milk feeds and their nutritional value is of more importance. After 4 months, dietary iron is required and should be introduced as dark green vegetable puree, iron-containing cereals, liver, red meat and (later) egg yolk. Protein quality and protein energy ratio in the solids must be adequate. In the third world and in vegetarian diets, nutritionally adequate mixtures of appropriate local foods are essential. 

Castell A G, Cliplef R L, Paste-Flynn L M and Butler G (1994), Performance, carcass and pork characteristics of castrates and gilts self-fed diets differing in protein content and lysine energy ratio , Can J Anim Sci, 74, 519-528. 

Energy transfer experiments with factor V, factors Va and VaLC. Similar experiments have been performed with another factor involved in prothrombin activation but which is not vitamin K-dependent, namely factor V. The experiments were done with PC-PS (50-50) mixture labelled with 5 % PDPC or PDPA, at a single phospholipid-to-protein molar ratio, = 530. Fluorescence quenching values are reported in Table III. They are of the same magnitude with both probes, for factor V, factor Va and for factor VaLC in the absence of calcium. We conclude, therefore, that no significant selectivity for a particular class of lipid occurs. 

A recent reappraisal of the nutritive value of cereals suggests that, if available in sufficient quantity, they should be able to provide sufficient protein for most children. This view is based partly on experience and partly on calculations of their protein energy (PIE) ratios which relate the energy derived from protein to the total energy provided by the food. 

The severity of protein—energy malnutrition in adults can be assessed from the body mass index (the ratio of weight (in kg)/height (in m) section 6.1.1), as shown in Table 8.1. 

Protein-energy malnutrition in adults—Many of the signs observed in children suffering from PEM will be found in adult patients who have protein and/or energy deficiencies. However, in the case of adults, the ratio of weight to height has been found to be less sensitive than other indicators of PEM. Better indicators of the severity of protein deficiency are serum albumin, triceps skinfold, and muscle circumference. These three measurements are distinctly subnormal in moderate to severe protein deficiencies. 

Compared to Irish potatoes, tannia tubers furnish about twice as many calories, the same amount of protein, and less than half as much vitamin C. The protein to calorie ratio (1.6 g per 100 kcal) of the tubers is barely high enough to meet the protein requirements of adults. So, children fed a tannia-rich diet are likely to develop protein-energy malnutrition unless they are given supplemental protein foods in their diets. Finally, tannia tubers are deficient in many vitamins and minerals. 

Ligands reside at a point of minimal energy within a binding locus of a protein according to a ratio of the rate... 

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