Protein content and composition

Age group reference Lysine scoring pattern AAS Threonine scoring pattern AAS Tryptophan scoring pattern AAS PDCAAS (based on lysine)  

USDA (2009) National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, except where indicated otherwise. 

Sorghum protein also appears to have low levels of the indispensable amino acids threonine and tr) tophan and high levels of leucine (reviewed by Klopfenstein and Hoseney, 1995). However, as shown in Table 2.4, contrary to earlier suggestions (Klopfenstein and Hoseney, 

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Shewry, P. R. (2007). Improving the protein content and composition of cereal grain. /. Cereal Sci. 46, 239-250. 

Wetzel and coworkers used SR-IMS to discriminate different wheat cultivars based on their protein secondary structure. The ratio of a-helix to -sheet was determined to range from 1.4 to 2.2 for hard and 1.0 for soft wheat cultivars, respectively [75, 76]. Studying the protein content and composition during grain development pointed out an increase in a-helix protein during ripening. 

Kersten, G. F. A., Van de Put, A., Teerlink, T., Beuvery, E. C., and Crommelin, D. J. A. (1988a). Immunogenicity of liposomes and iscoms containing the major outer membrane protein of Neisseria gonorrhoeae -Influence of protein content and liposomal bilayer composition. Inf. Immun., 56. 1661-1664. 

Rha, Ara and Gal are the neutral sugar components from all the fractions. Xyl is not present in Fla and is significantly present in the hemicellulose fractions, indicating that this monosaccharide is component of hemicellulosic polymers. Chemical composition of the water fractions were determined (Table V). High protein contents and the presence of O-acetyl-groups were observed in four aqueous fractions. Neutral sugar and uronic acid composition points to inclusion of these polymers in the class of pectic polysaccharides. 

Admassu et al. (2009) measured the proximate composition of six varieties of finger millet. The values ranged from 6.26 to 10.5 g/100 g for protein content and from 50 to more than 300 mg/100 g for calcium content. Iron varied from about 4.5 mg/100 g to more than 50 mg/100 g and phosphorus varied from less than 4 to about 147 mg/100 g. 

Kondratyeva, T.P. (1977). Changes in total protein content and the composition of protein fractions in the blood serum of some Black Sea fish during the spawning season (In Russian). Gydmbiologicheskii Zhumal 13,75-79. 

Introduced in 1943, ED remains the most frequently used procedure. A membrane separates two compartments, and at equilibrium, one compartment contains the plasma or serum with protein and bound ligand, whereas free drug is sequestered to the buffer solution compartment. The unbound fraction is determined by the ratio of drug concentration on the buffer side [D] divided by that in the plasma P] -I- PP]. Results are influenced by drug properties, proteins (content and concentration), volume of compartments, buffer strength, and ionic composition as well as by the thickness and physicochemical characteristics of the membrane. Time and temperature are major environmental factors, and dialysis for 4h (or less) at 37°C has been found optimal for acidic and basic drugs. ... 

Hard, G. C. (1995). Species comparison of the content and composition of urinary proteins. Food Chem... 

The lipid content and composition of the major lipoprotein classes are listed in Table 1 [6], which shows that the total lipid content is inversely correlated with the density of the lipoproteins. Glycerolipids, mainly triacylglycerols, are the major lipid components of CM and VLDL, but constitute less than 11% of the lipids of LDL and HDL, which are enriched in CE (24-51%). Unesterified cholesterol is found in all the lipoprotein classes in relatively low proportions because it is actively esterified by LCAT on HDL and then redistributed to LDL and VLDL by CE transfer protein. The total PL content of lipoproteins increases with increasing density and is directly related to the surface area of the... 

It is well established that cell walls contain protein, and for a detailed discussion the reader should consult Lamport and Catt (1981), Selvendran and O Neill (1982), and Fry (1985). In this section we will briefly consider the available methods for determining the protein content and amino acid composition of cell walls. 

Traditionally, soybeans (SB) are used as food and feed ingredients for their protein content and protein composition. As a protein source, SB often are used in the form of soybean meal (SBM), which is the product of SB processing for SB oil extraction. The carbohydrate content and carbohydrate composition of SB and SBM have received limited attention compared to their protein and fat constituents. Nevertheless, carbohydrates make up a significant part of the SB seed. Typically, SB contain approximately 30—35% carbohydrates (Snyder Kwon, 1987 NRC, 1998). In SBM, carbohydrate content may be as high as 40% (NRC, 1998). 

The membrane preparation, which is enriched in (K + H )-ATPase, contains in addition to proteins a considerable amount of cholesterol and phospholipids. The content and composition of this lipid fraction (high cholesterol and sphingomyelin content, Table 4) is characteristic for a plasma membrane fraction as is also found for a purified (Na + K )-ATPase preparation [1]. 

Many methods with different analysis condition are used for the determination of AAs. These methods conclude two steps hydrolysis of substrate, and chromatographic separation and detection of residues. Hydrolysis is the most critical part which is affected by several factors such as temperature, time, hydrolysis agent, and additives (Fountoulakis and Lahm, 1998). Weiss et ah (1998) focused on the effects of the hydrolysis method on the AA content and composition of protein with a conclusion that the conventional hydrolysis dehvered more accurate data in comparison with the microwave radiation-induced hydrolysis. 

Lorengo, S. O., Barbarino, E., De-Paula, J. C., Otavio da Pereira, L. S., and Marquez Lanfer, U. M. (2002). Amino acid composition, protein, protein content and calculation of nitrogen-to-protein conversion factors for 19 tropical seaweeds. Phycol. Res. 50, 233-241. 

Lower salinify affecfs seaweed physiology and biochemical composition by decreasing phenolic contents and increasing protein content, and these changes have been shown to influence the availability of metalbinding sites (Corman and Stengel, 2011). 

SRIVASTAVA A, HAMRE K and STOSS J (2006) Protein content and amino acid composition of the five feed rotifer Brachionus plicatilis) with emphasis on the water soluble fraction. Aquaculture 254 534-543. 

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