Prostate urinary incontinence

Both females and males experience age-related problems from the urinary tracts, for example prostate hypertrophy in men and urinary incontinence in women. Kidney problems become more frequent in old age not only because of the normal functional decline but as a result of diseases associated with aging, and their treatment. 

Ocular adverse events, including accidental injury, angina pectoris, anxiety, arthritis, back pain, bradycardia, bronchitis, chest pain, cold syndrome, depression, dyspepsia, gastrointestinal disorder, headache, hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, hypotension, infection, pain, prostate disorder, sinusitis, urinary incontinence, and urinary tract infection, occur rarely. 

Blockade of alphai-adrenoceptors in the urinary tract leads to smooth muscle relaxation and improvement in urinary flow, and this pharmacological action has been used to ameliorate the urinary symptoms of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Prazosin can occasionally lead to urinary incontinence, particularly stress incontinence in women (1). 

Adverse effects include drowsiness, depression and postural hypotension especially in the elderly, which restricts their use to resistant hypertension. a antagonists should not be used in patients with an enlarged prostate or urinary incontinence. 

Additional agents currently in development include drug (indication) (S)-doxazosin (benign prostatic hyperplasia) ( R, R)-formoterol (P2-agonist) (S)-fluoxetine (migraine prophylaxis) (5 -oxybutinin (urinary incontinence) (+)-norcisapride (nocturnal heartburn) (—)-pantopra-zole and (S)-lansoprazole (both are proton-pump inhibitors). 

Traditional use The roots, flowers and leaves are used as an anti-inflammatory and to treat flu, sore throat, hepatitis, and urinary incontinence. They are also used to treat kidney stones, cystitis, prostate tumors, chronic prostatitis, and joint pain (Kurochkin 1998). 

Geriatric Considerations - Summary Pseudoephedrine activates alpha-adrenergic receptors with the potential for CNS stimulation and increased blood pressure. Pseu-doephedrine causes increased urethral tone which would benefit stress incontinence but could cause urinary retention in older males with prostate hypertrophy. Older adults may have a greater sensitivity to the CNS effects of pseudoephedrine. 

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia and Urinary Urge Incontinence... 

Excessive diuresis and dehydration often cause a transient reduction in glomerular filtration rate and a rise in serum urea (about 8% of all adverse reactions) (SED-8, 350). The sudden diuresis can cause loin pain, particularly in elderly patients, and acute urinary retention and overflow incontinence in elderly men with prostatic hyperplasia. 

In the elderly, the ratio of bacteriuria in women and men is dramatically altered and is approximately equal in persons over the age of 65. ° The overall incidence of UTI increases substantially in this population, with the majority of infections being asymptomatic. The rate of infection increases further for elderly persons who are residing in nursing homes, particularly those who are hospitalized frequently. The increase is probably the result of a number of factors, including obstruction from prostatic hypertrophy in males, poor bladder emptying as a result of prolapse in females, fecal incontinence in demented patients, neuromuscular disease, including strokes, and increased urinary instrumentation (catheterization). 

Flavoxate is a urinary tract and spasmodic/alicalinizer, which counteracts smooth-muscle spasms of urinary tract. It is indicated in symptomatic relief of dysuria, urgency, nocturia, suprapubic pain, frequency and incontinence associated with cystitis, prostatitis, urethritis, urethrocysti-tis/urethrotrigonitis. Flavoxate, a flavone derivative and urinary tract spasmolytic (100 to 200 mg p.o. t.i.d.), is used in the symptomatic relief of dysuria, frequency, urgency, nocturia, incontinence, and suprapubic pain associated with urologic, disorders. 

Urology studies the structure and function of these related organs. Urologists are physicians who are consulted for the treatment of urinary tract infections, kidney stones, prostate enlargement, and urological cancers the correction of urogenital birth defects and the management of stress incontinence (involuntary urination), male infertility, and erectile dysfunction. 

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