Toxic algal blooms

Eutrophication of Natural Waters and Toxic Algal Blooms... 

Of all the marine ecosystems, temperate estuaries seem to be undergoing the most degradation. Evidence for this is seen in (1) increased sedimentation and turbidity, (2) more extended and expansive episodes of hypoxia or anoxia, (3) loss of seagrasses and dominant suspension feeders, primarily bivalves, and (4) a higher frequency and duration of nuisance and toxic algal blooms, jellyfish infestations, and fish kills. Overall, these... 

Effects in feral populations are not only much more difficult to observe and ascertain, but also very unlikely to be caused by a single cause, like pollution by a single group of contaminants. Many other factors can play a role, such as temperature, population densities and toxic algal blooms, which impede efforts to link causally the effects observed to pollution. They may also be caused by a combined effect of the presence of PCBs, PCDD/Fs, DDTs, drins and HCB.80... 

Trusewich, B., Sim, J., Busby, P, and Hughes, C. 1996. In Harmful and Toxic Algal Blooms Proceedings of the VII International Conference on Toxic Phytoplankton, 1995, July 12-16, ed. Yasumoto, T, Oshima, Y, and Fukuyo, Y. Sendai, Japan, 27-30. 

The occurrence of toxic algal blooms has increased in the last decades. Not only the nnmber of toxic blooms has mnltiplied and their geographical distribution has spread all over the world, bnt also new toxins and new toxic algae species have been described. Azaspiracids are the most recently identified class of marine toxins present in shellfish. Only known since 1997, azaspiracid and its analognes have awakened both public health concern and scientific interest. 

Balode, M., Purina, I., 1996. Harmful phytoplankton in the Gulf of Riga (The Baltic Sea). In Yasumoto T., Oshima Y., Fukuyo Y. (Eds.), Harmful and Toxic Algal Blooms. lOC/UNESCO, pp. 69-72. 

Quilliam, M. A., Hardstaff, W. R., Ishida, N., McLachlan, J. L., Reeves, A. R., Ross N. W., and Windust. A. J. (1996) Production of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) toxins by Prorocentrum lima in culture and development of analytical methods. In Harmful and Toxic Algal Blooms. T. Yasumoto, Y. Oshima and... 

Vale, P. and Sampayo, M.A., DTX-2 in Portuguese bivalves, in Harmful and Toxic Algal Blooms, Yasumoto, T., Oshima, Y, and Eukuyo, Y., Eds., Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commision of UNESCO, Sendai, Japan, 1996, 539. 

Wear, R.G. and Gardner, J.P.A. Biological effects of the toxic algal bloom of February and March 1998 on the benthos of Wellington Harbor, New Zealand, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser, 218, 63-76, 2001. 

Anderson, D.M. (1989). Toxic algal blooms and red tides a global perspective. In Okaichi, T., D.M., Anderson, and T., Nemoto (Eds.), Red Tides Biology, Environmental Science, and Toxicology, Elsevier Science Publishing Co., Inc., New York, pp. 11-16. 

MacKenzie, L.A. et al., Gymnodimine contamination of shellfish in New Zealand, in Harmful and Toxic Algal Blooms, 7th International Conference on Toxic Phytoplankton, Yasnmoto, T., Oshuna, Y. and Fukuyo, Y. eds., IOC, UNESCO, Sendai, Japan, 1995, pp. 97-100. 

Seki T. et al. Gymnodimine, a novel toxic imine isolated from the Foveaux Strait oysters and Gymnodinium sp. In Harmful and Toxic Algal Blooms, Yasumoto T., Oshima Y. and Fukuyo Y, Eds., Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO, Paris, pp. 495-498, 1996. 

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