Propulsion flowing streams

The object interacts with a flowing medium. Sails interact with the wind, rafts float downstream, a spacecraft is propelled by the stream of photons (light) from the sun. This is more of a channeling type of propulsion m that the propelled object deflects the flowing stream m such a way that it is forced to move in desired direction. 

The fourth type of propulsion makes use of a flowing stream. In this case, as in the ion engine, the energy efficiency is irrelevant because the supply of energy is unlimited for practical purposes. 

The propulsion system, which establishes and controls accurately the flow of one or more solutions containing the reagents needed for initiating the CL reaction or, in some cases, merely acting as carrier for the sample that will be introduced later in this stream. 

A propulsion unit, usually a peristaltic pump, that produces a flow of one or several solutions (streams), either containing a dissolved reagent or merely acting as a carrier... 

In the air-segmented analytical procedure outlined in Fig. 2.4, suggested flow rates for the sample/wash, air and reagent streams are 1.6, 0.20 and 0.40 mL min-1, respectively. The available fluid propulsion device provides flow rates of 1.8, 0.20 and 0.20 mL min-1. Determine the correction factor for adapting the reagent concentrations. Do not consider any kinetic aspect or any deficiency in mixing conditions as relevant. 

Pressure-based propulsion, whether by gravity or by a gas, results in pulse-free flow, but poses serious problems In controlling the flow rate of two or more simultaneous streams. 

Figure 4.2. Recordings obtained with the single-line FIA flame atomic absorption spectrometry system of Fig. 4.1 using a flow rate of the carrier stream of 4.9 mL/min and an injected sample volume of 150 jlL. (a) Calibration run for zinc as obtained by the injection of 0.10, 0.20, 0.50, 0.75, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 ppm of zinc standards, (b) Recorder response for the 1.5 ppm zinc standard as obtained by (A) injection via the FIA system and (B) continuous aspiration in the conventional mode. For the sake of comparison, the aspiration rate in (R) was increased to 4.9 mL/min, corresponding to the propulsion rate used in (A), where S is the point of injection. D represents the dispersion coefficient value, which in (B) is equal to 1. (c) Calibration run for a series of lead standards (2, 5, 10, 25, and 20 ppm), recorded without (0%) and with (3.3%) sodium chloride added to the standards to simulate, in the latter instance, a matrix of seawater.

Gas pressure-based liquid propulsion uses an inert gas (Figure 3.4b) to propel a stream with a nonpulsating flow. Due to the fact that the solubility of a given gas changes along the FIA manifold, system which is highly pressurized tends to produce disturbing bubbles. 

---