Properties of chlorinated hydrocarbon

Seybold et al. examined properties of chlorinated hydrocarbons. Included in that study is the QSAR equation for molecular volume ... 

Klaassen CD, Plaa GL. 1967b. Susceptibility of male and female mice to the nephrotoxic and hepatotoxic properties of chlorinated hydrocarbons. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 124 1163-1166. 

Shiu, W.Y., Gobas, F.A.P.C., Mackay, D. (1987) Physical-chemical properties of three congeneric series of chlorinated hydrocarbons. In QSAR in Environmental Toxicology-II. Kaiser, K.L.E., Editor, D. Reidel Publishing Company, pp. 347-362. 

Florisil Cleanup of chlorinated hydrocarbons, nitrogen, and aromatic compounds Has basic properties and may not be compatible with acids... 

PCBs are mixtures of chlorinated hydrocarbons. Regarding the source of contamination, they can be divided into two main groups intentional (commercial products) and unintentional (by-products of combustion, such as an incinerator trace amounts of PCBs have been reported in agricultural chemicals or chemical products as impurities) (UNEP Chemicals, 2002). PCBs were produced commercially in the United States from 1929 to 1977. Due to their chemical inertness, heat resistance, a high dielectric constant and nonflammable properties, they have been used extensively for a variety of industrial purposes, such as dielectrics in transformers and large capacitors as heat exchange fluids and in plastics (WHO, 1993). 

Mellan (Td4) treats the subject in a similar manner but covers more compounds and includes bromo and fluoro compounds. Another book 161), published in France in 1948, covers only the chlorinated hydrocarbons but gives quite an extensive list. McGovern 16S) discusses the commercially important groups of chlorinated hydrocarbons and properties affecting their applications. A detailed discussion of the methods and apparatus used by the German manufacturers of chlorinated solvents is reported by Brundit and Taylor 159), Two earlier reviews 165166) with extensive bibliographies may also be helpful. 

Ceria was also proposed as a component of catalysts for the removal of chlorinated hydrocarbons [54]. The process is based on the destmctive adsorption of the chlorinated hydrocarbons on metal oxides [55]. It was demonstrated that CaO and MgO were able to convert CCI4, CHCI3 and C2CI4 to COj and COClj and the corresponding metal chlorides at temperature around 400-500°C in the absence of an oxidant, such as oxygen. Ceria has shown comparable properties CCI4 destruction started at around 450°C, and was accompanied by the reduction of Ce(IV) to Ce(III) and by the formation of CeOCl as intermediate product. 

Reliable prediction of thermodynamic and kinetic properties for chemical processes (e.g., reactions of chlorinated hydrocarbons on surfaces and in aqueous systems, atmospheric oxidation of organic precursors to ozone and aerosols) as well as for designing green chemical manufacturing processes. 

Chlorinated diphenyls (PCB) n. Range of chlorinated hydrocarbons varying in properties from very liquid plasticizers, through thick syrups to solid resins. They are characterized by excellent compatibility, stability, and absence of free acidity, high toxicity, and non-flammability. 

Properties of the Bulk Polymer.—Solution Properties and Molecular Weight Studies. The interaction of 2GT with binary mixtures of chlorinated hydrocarbons has been described and inverse gas-chromatography has been used to study the interaction of organic liquids with 2GT. ... 

Table 12.58 Overview of physical and chemical and other properties of chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons.

Solvent Resistance. Elastomeric fibers tend to swell in certain organic solvents mbber fibers swell in hydrocarbon solvents such as hexane. Spandex fibers become highly swollen in chlorinated solvents such as tetrachloroethylene [127-18-4] (Perclene). Although the physical properties of spandex fibers return to normal after the solvent evaporates, considerable amounts of its stabilizers may have been extracted. Therefore, the development of stabilizers that are more resistant to solvent extraction has become important as solvent scouring during mill processing replaces aqueous scouring at many mills, especially in Europe (26). 

Rosin is compatible with many materials because of its polar functionaUty, cycloaUphatic stmcture, and its low molecular weight. It has an acid number of ca 165 and a saponification number of ca 170. It is soluble in aUphatic, aromatic, and chlorinated hydrocarbons, as well as esters and ethers. Because of its solubiUty and compatibiUty characteristics, it is useful for modifying the properties of many polymers. 

The physical properties of vinyl chloride are Hsted in Table 1 (12). Vinyl chloride and water [7732-18-5] are nearly immiscible. The equiUbrium concentration of vinyl chloride at 1 atm partial pressure in water is 0.276 wt % at 25°C, whereas the solubiUty of water in vinyl chloride is 0.0983 wt % at 25°C and saturated pressure (13). Vinyl chloride is soluble in hydrocarbons, oil, alcohol, chlorinated solvents, and most common organic Hquids. 

Progressive chlorination of a hydrocarbon molecule yields a succession of Hquids and/or soHds of increasing nonflammability, density, and viscosity, as well as improved solubiUty for a large number of inorganic and organic materials. Other physical properties such as specific heat, dielectric constant, and water solubihty decrease with increasing chlorine content. 

The chlorine atom has two further useful influences on the properties of the polymer. Firstly the polymer shows improved resistance to oil compared with all-hydrocarbon rubbers. The rubbers also have a measure of resistance to burning which may be further improved by use of fire retardants. These features together with a somewhat better heat resistance than the diene hydrocarbon rubbers have resulted in the extensive use of these rubbers over many years. 

The fluids have reasonably good chemical resistance but are attacked by concentrated mineral acids and alkalis. They are soluble in aliphatic, aromatic and chlorinated hydrocarbons, which is to be expected from the low solubility parameter of 14.9 MPa. They are insoluble in solvents of higher solubility parameter such as acetone, ethylene glycol and water. They are themselves very poor solvents. Some physical properties of the dimethylsilicone fluids are summarised in Table 29.2. 

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