Diphenyls, Chlorinated

Colorless dyes of the chlorinated diphenyl ether—ureasulfonic acid type (Mitin [3567-25-7] (158)) and the (polychloro-2-chloromethylsulfonamido)-diphenyl ether type (Eulan (159)) appHed at 1—3% of the fabric weight are the most widely used during the fabrication of woolens. They cannot be removed by dry cleaning and provide protection from fabric pests over the lifetime of the product. 

Chlorinated camphene (toxaphene) Chlorinated diphenyl oxide Chlorine... 

Chlorinated camphene Chlorinated diphenyl oxide Chlorine Chlorine dioxide Chlorine trifluoride Chloroacetaldehyde... 

Commercial PCP preparations often contain variable amounts of chlorophenols, hexachloroben-zene, phenoxyphenols, dioxins, dibenzofurans, chlorinated diphenyl ethers, dihydroxybiphenyls, anisoles, catechols, and other chlorinated dibenzodioxin and dibenzofuran isomers. These contaminants contribute to the toxicity of PCP — sometimes significantly — although the full extent of their interactions with PCP and with each other in PCP formulations are unknown. Unless these contaminants are removed or sharply reduced in existing technical- and commercial-grade PCP formulations, efforts to establish sound PCP criteria for protection of natural resources may be hindered. 

Folmar LC. 1978. In vitro inhibition of rat brain ATPase, pNPPase, and ATP-32Pi exchange by chlorinated-diphenyl ethanes and cyclodiene insecticides. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 19(4) 481-488. 

Villeneuve, J.Y. Niimi, A.J. Metcalfe, C.D. 2000, Distribution and bioaccumulation of chlorinated diphenyl ethers in a contaminated embayment of Lake Ontario. J. Great Lakes Res. 25 760-771. 

Toxicology. Chlorinated diphenyl oxide causes an acneform dermatitis (chloracne). 

The 2003 ACGIH threshold limit value-time-weighted average (TLV-TWA) for chlorinated diphenyl oxide is 0.5mg/mh... 

Chlorinated diphenyl oxide, 137 Hexabromobiphenyl, 591 Octabromobiphenyl, 591 Hydrogenated terphenyl, 386 Fpoxy Resins, 298 Portland cement, 594 Fuel oil 2, 352 Fuel oil 4, 352 Fuel oil 2-D, 352 Silica, amorphous-diatomaceous earth, 625... 

Biphenyl was once used extensively for the production of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) before their production was banned in the United States in 1979. PCBs are formed by direct substitution of hydrogen atoms in biphenyl with chlorine using chlorine gas under pressure with a ferric chloride (FeCl3) catalyst. There are 209 possible PCB compounds referred to as congeners. PCBs were discovered in 1865 as a by-product of coal tar and first synthesized in 1881. Commercial production of PCBs, originally called chlorinated diphenyls, began in 1929 by the Swann Chemical Company located in Anniston, Alabama. Swann was taken over by Monsanto in 1935. 

Choudhry GG, Sundstrom G, Ruzo LO, et al. 1977. Photochemistry of chlorinated diphenyl ethers. J Agnc Food Chem 25 1371-1376. 

Thermosetting urea or melamine resin. Arochlor—chlorinated diphenyl. 

Hargreaves J, Park J, Ghisalberti EL, Swasithamparam K, Skelton BW, White AH (2002) New Chlorinated Diphenyl Ethers from an Aspergillus Species. J Nat Prod 65 7... 

Niimi, A.J., Oliver, B. (1983) Biological half-lives of chlorinated diphenyl ethers in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). Can. J. Fish Aquatic Sci. 40, 1388. 

Ryan JJ, Lizotte R, Newsome WH. 1984b. Study of chlorinated diphenyl ethers and chlorinated 2-phenoxyphenols as interferences in the determination of chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and chlorinated dibenzofiirans in biological samples. J Chromatogr 303 351-360. 

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