Propanol, surface tension

The catalyst bed was a coated wall reactor using commercial CuZnAl catalyst. An alumina sol was used to enhance the adhesion of the catalyst to the channel walls. After the shims were washed thoroughly, the alumina adhesion layer was deposited using an alumina sol (NYACOL AL20DW colloidal alumina, PQ Corporation) and then dried at 60 °C. To decrease the surface tension of the wash-coat solvent, small amounts of 2-propanol were added to a catalyst slurry of ICI Synetix 33—5 catalyst, with 20 wt % alumina sol and water. The catalyst was calcined at 350—400 °C for 2 h after air-drying. Before testing, the catalyst was reduced by flowing H2/N2 over it at 280 °C. 

Alcohols The magnitude of y changes by 23.7 - 22.1 = 1.6 mN/m per -CH2-group. This is based upon the y data of ethanol (22.1 mN/m) and propanol (23.7 mN/m). These observations indicate the molecular correlation between bulk forces and surface forces (surface tension y) for homologous series of substances. 

An extreme in sediment volume was usedt as a criterion for the effective cancellation of interparticle attraction by the continuous phase. Nylon-6,6 dispersions consisting of 1.0 g of solid in 10 ml of /2-propanol-thiodiethanol mixtures of various compositions were allowed to settle to sedimentation equilibrium. Listed here are the equilibrium sediment volumes, the volume/volume compositions, and the surface tensions of the media ... 

Jackson (Jl), 1955 Flow of films of ethyl acetate, methanol, water, water + surfactant, 2-propanol, glycerol solutions (with and without surfactant), inside tube of 3.6 cm. diameter. Film thicknesses by radioisotope tracer method heights of waves measured. Surface tension had little effect. 

The surface tension of the ink is a primary factor determining droplet formation and spreading on the substrate upon contact. The surface tension can be controlled by using surfactants and by selecting proper solvent compositions. For example, adding propanol to water win cause a large decrease in surface tension, from 72.8 dyne/cm to below 30 dyne/cm, depending on the propanol concentration. 

Ay s ). Bardavid et al. ) reported positive deviations Ay for mixtures of 1,1.1.-trichloroethane and propanols at 298.15 K. Positive Ay s were also found for mixtures of 1-propanol and n-propylamine or n-butylamine ). The sign of Ay is determined by which of the two components preferentially enriches the surface (fig. 4.4b). An example of a convex y(x) curve, relating to hydrogen-bonding fluids, is given in fig. 4.9. The reader can find more data on the surface tension of mixtures in appendix 1, tables Al.16-18. 

Table A1.18. Surface tensions of n-propanol in water at different temperatures. Data taken from Glinsky et al Accuracy 0.4 mN m. ...

High temperatures also decrease the viscosity of liquid solvents, thus facilitating penetration of matrix particles and enhanced extraction. By way of example, the viscosity of 2-propanol decreases 9-fold as the temperature is raised from 25 to 200°C [12]. In addition to reducing viscosity, increased temperatures also decrease the surface tension of the solvent, solutes and matrix, thereby allowing the solvent to better wet the sample matrix. Both changes improve contact of the analytes with the solvent and hence the extraction efficiency. A decreased solvent surface tension also allows solvent cavities to form more easily [14], thus permitting the analytes to be more rapidly dissolved in the solvent [1]. 

Solubility practically insoluble in ether very soluble in acetone, ethanol (95%), methanol, propanol, and water. Aqueous solutions of benzalkonium chloride foam when shaken, have a low surface tension and possess detergent and emulsifying properties. 

With water as the wetting medium, the water/air surface tension is relatively high and it is necessary to apply a high pressure if small pores are present (145 bars for a pore radius of 0.01 pm) water can then be replaced by another liquid (e.g. alcohols or hydrocarbons). Nevertheless, as the method is dependent on the type of liquid used (different wetting effects), z-propanol is often used as a... 

The effect of temperature on the surface tension of mixtures of n-propanol/ -heptane has been investigated. The variation of surface tension by temperature (K) for pure components was... 

The surface tension of binary mixtures of water + monoethanolamine and water + 2-amino-2-methyl-l-propanol and tertiary mixtures of these amines with water from 25 to 50°C have been reported. = The surface tension of aqueous solutions of diethanolamine and triethanolamine from 25 to 50°C have been analyzed. ... 

Figure 1. Surface tensions of propanol solutions. Key O, n-propanol and , isopropanol.

The composition dependence of the surface tension of binary mixtures of severed compounds with water is given in this table. The data are tabulated as a function of the mass percent of the non-aqueous component. Data for methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, and 2-propanol are taken from Reference 1, which also gives values at other temperatures. 

Fig. 3.1. The dependence of equilibrium surface tension on concentration for the solutions of normal alcohols in the range of 1-propanol to I-decanol (the number of carbon atoms is shown by figures at the curves) (O), data from [18], 20°C (A), data from [19], 20°C (A), data from [20], 25°C (O), data from [21], 25°C ( ), data from [22], 20°C ( ), data from [23,24], 25 C, theoretical curves were calculated from Frumkin s model, model parameters are listed in Table 3.1.

Here Y denotes a general bulk property, Tw that of pure water and Ys that of the pure co-solvent, and the y, are listed coefficients, generally up to i=3 being required. Annotated data are provided in (Marcus 2002) for the viscosity rj, relative permittivity r, refractive index (at the sodium D-line) d. excess molar Gibbs energy G, excess molar enthalpy excess molar isobaric heat capacity Cp, excess molar volume V, isobaric expansibility ap, adiabatic compressibility ks, and surface tension Y of aqueous mixtures with many co-solvents. These include methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, 2-propanol, 2-methyl-2-propanol (tert-butanol), 1,2-ethanediol, tetrahydrofuran, 1,4-dioxane, pyridine, acetone, acetonitrile, N, N-dimethylformamide, and dimethylsulfoxide and a few others. 

VOLUMES, REFRACTIVE INDICES, VISCOSITIES, DIELECTRIC CONSTANTS, AND SURFACE TENSIONS OF l,1,1,3,3,3-HEXAFLUORO-2-PROPANOL-WATER MIXTURES. 

Fig. 8.6. Pure O2/N2 permeance ratio of asymmetric poly(phenylene oxide) membranes as a function of surface tension of chloroform/nonsolvent additives mixtures. Nonsolvent additives include 2-ethyl-l-hexanol (1m), 1-octanol (2m), 2-propanol (3d), 2-decanol (4m), 3,5,5-trimethyl-1-hexanol (5m), 2,4-dimethyl-3-pentanol (6d), 2,4,4-trimethyl-1-pentanol (7d), 2-methyl-3-hexanol (lOd), 3-ethyl-3-pentanol (12m), and 2-methyl-2-hexanol (13d). Merged is indicated by m discrete is indicated by d. Reprinted from [22], with kind permission from J.Tan...

Figure 5.5.3. Surface tension of 2-propanol-water mixtures. The smooth line is drawn with eq. 5.5.26. (Reproduced with permission from the Journal of Solution Chemistry, reference 14.)...

For a mixture of low molecular constituents, n-propanol and u-nonane, it was observed not only negative deviation of surface tension from linear variation with composition, but also a minimum in surface tension (Gaman et al., 2005). Figure 6 shows variation of surface tension with composition of the mixture. Similar behaviour was found for the miscible blend of poly(methyl acrylate) (PMA) and poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) (Pefferkometal., 2010). As far as the author is aware, this is first time that an extreme value for surface tension was found in a miscible polymer blend. The polymers used had number average molecular masses of A/ 5000 g/mol. Blends of PMA and PEO of those low molecular masses are completely miscible (Pedemonte and Buigisi, 1994). The Flory-Huggins interaction parameter was determined from PVT data io x 003 at 120 °C (Pefferkom et al., 2010). 

FIGURE 6 Surface tension of the mixture comprising n-propanol and n-nonane as a function of composition at 20 °C graph after data of Gaman et al. (2005). 

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