1,3-Propanediol manufacture

The nitro alcohols in Table 1 are manufactured in commercial quantities however, three of the five of them are used only for the production of the corresponding amino alcohols. 2-Methyl-2-nitro-l-propanol (NMP) is available as the crystalline soHd or as a mixture with siHcon dioxide. 2-Hydroxymethyl-2-nitro-1,3-propanediol is available as the soHd ( 9.15/kg), a 50% solution in water ( 2.33/kg), a 25% solution in water ( 1.41/kg), or as... 

Plasticizers can be classified according to their chemical nature. The most important classes of plasticizers used in rubber adhesives are phthalates, polymeric plasticizers, and esters. The group phthalate plasticizers constitutes the biggest and most widely used plasticizers. The linear alkyl phthalates impart improved low-temperature performance and have reduced volatility. Most of the polymeric plasticizers are saturated polyesters obtained by reaction of a diol with a dicarboxylic acid. The most common diols are propanediol, 1,3- and 1,4-butanediol, and 1,6-hexanediol. Adipic, phthalic and sebacic acids are common carboxylic acids used in the manufacture of polymeric plasticizers. Some poly-hydroxybutyrates are used in rubber adhesive formulations. Both the molecular weight and the chemical nature determine the performance of the polymeric plasticizers. Increasing the molecular weight reduces the volatility of the plasticizer but reduces the plasticizing efficiency and low-temperature properties. Typical esters used as plasticizers are n-butyl acetate and cellulose acetobutyrate. 

Propanediol. Both the diol and the dicarboxylic acid components of poly-trimethylene-terephthalate, a high performance polyester fiber with extensive applications in textile apparel and carpeting, are currently manufactured from petrochemical raw materials. 

Propanediol. In its racemic form, 1,2-propanediol is a petroleum-based high-volume chemical with an aimual production of over 500,0001, mostly used to manufacture the unsaturated polyester resins, yet also featuring excellent antifreeze properties. Enantiomerically pure (/ )-1,2-propanediol accumulates along two different pathways via DAHP (3-deoxy-D-flrahmo-heptulosonic acid 7-phosphate) and methylglyoxal, which then is reduced with either... 

Propylene carbonate [108-32-7] M 102.1, b 110°/0.5-lmm, 238-239°/760mm, d 1.204, n 1.423. Manufactured by reaction of 1,2-propylene oxide with CO2 in the presence of a catalyst (quaternary ammonium halide). Contaminants include propylene oxide, carbon dioxide, 1,2- and 1,3-propanediols, allyl alcohol and ethylene carbonate. It can be purified by percolation through molecular sieves (Linde 5A, dried at 350° for 14h under a stream of argon), followed by distn under vac. [Jasinski and Kirkland AC 39 163 1967], It can be stored over molecular sieves under an inert gas atmosphere. When purified in this way it contains less... 

Several important examples of metabolic engineering, ranging from applications in basic chemicals, such as the manufacture of propanediol from glucose, to the synthesis of chiral pharmaceutical intermediates, such as (2i )-indanediol, a building block of the HIV protease inhibitor Crixivan (Indinavir , Merck see Chapter 13, Section 13.3.3.30.), are presented in Chapter 20. 

Other Uses of Ethylene Oxide. About 2 percent of ethylene oxide is consumed in miscellaneous applications, such as its use as a raw material in manufacture of choline, ethylene chlorohydrin, hydroxyethyl starch, and hydrox-yethyl cellulose and its direct use as a fumigant/ sterilant. Production of 1,3-propanediol via hydroformylation of ethylene oxide was begun on a commercial scale in 1999. 1,3-Propanediol is a raw material for polytrimethylene terephthalate, which finds uses in fibers, injection molding, and in film. Use of ethylene oxide in making 1,3-propanediol is expected to be as much as 185 million lb by 2004, up from 12 million lb in 1999. 

Propanediol is a monomer with potential utility in the production of polyester fibers and in the manufacture of polyurethanes and cyclic compounds. A variety of chemical... 

DuPont is stepping up its drive to develop sustainable materials with the commercialisation of its Sorona fibre materials, which use a corn-based propanediol feedstock. It has formed a joint venture with Tate Lyle pic and will open a 45,000 tonnes per annum manufacturing plant in Loudon, Tennessee in 2006. Sorona is a softer fibre than either polyester or nylon and is being targeted mainly at clothing markets. 

Another method that has been developed for the preparation of thicker layers involves the use of diol solvents, such as 1,3-propanediol. Phillips et al. and Tu et al. have explored this route most thoroughly, and it has also been utilized by manufacturers. While the method has not been as intensely investigated as the 2-methoxyethanol process, a number of spectroscopic investigations have been carried out to study the details of the reaction chemistry. Coating thickness per deposited layer is 0.5 pm, compared to 0.1 pm for layers prepared by sol-gel methods using more common solvents, or by chelate or MOD processes. The manufacture of 1 pm films is therefore significantly less labor intensive. Lastly, others have prepared suspensions from sol-gel precursor solutions and powders... 

Most of the rest of the propylene oxide is hydrolyzed in water using a trace of mineral acid to give propylene glycol (1,2-propanediol, b.p. 187°C) used for the manufacture of polyester resins. 

Practical applications of biocatalysis for the manufacture of chiral alcohols such as (R)-l,3-butanediol by stereospecific oxidoreduction Production of chiral C3 and C4 units via microbial resolution of 2,3-dichloro-l-propanol, 3-chloro-1,2-propanediol and related halohydrins... 

Dioxepan-2-ones (103) have been manufactured from diols, paraformaldehyde, and carbon monoxide in the presence of a copper(I) or silver carbonyl catalyst (Scheme 10). Thus, treatment of CU2O with 98% H2SO4 and CO and reaction with paraformaldehyde and 1,2-propanediol under CO atmosphere gave 5-methyl-l,4-dioxepan-2-one in high yield <89JAP0i09358i>. By the same protocol, l,4-dioxepan-2-one could be obtained by cyclocondensation of trioxane with CO and... 

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