Programming and Logic

Program systems for computer-assisted organic synthesis (CAOS) have been under development since the early 1970s [27]. The program systems for computer-assisted synthesis planning can be subdivided into two groups information-oriented and logic-oriented systems [28]. 

Diversity can be used to further advantage in redundant configurations. Where redundant measurement devices are required, different technology can be used for each. Where redundant logic is required, one can be programmed and one hard-wired. 

The statements of which the program consists may be either executable or nonexecutable. Nonexecutable statements consist of comments, which explain the data and logic of the program, and declarations, which are orders to the translator or to other system programs and which usually serve to allocate memory space for data. 

Basic flaws in coordinated phosphate program control logic and other relevant issues include ... 

Persistent organic pollutants (POP) and heavy metals were in the focus of interest until the begiiming of the 1990s and intensive monitoring programs and ecotoxico-logical studies had been conducted. As a result, due to adoption of appropriate measures and elimination of the dominant pollution sources a drastic reduction of emission of these nonpolar hazardous compounds have been achieved and today these compounds are less relevant for the industrialized countries. 

The primitive functions These comprise the various mathematical and logical operations that the program may need. They will usually include mathematical functions such as + -, /, and, logical functions, programming constructs, such as loops, and possibly other mathematical functions, such as trigonometric, exponential, and power functions. 

In this chapter we discuss techniques for program verification and their mathematical justification. The basic idea behind these methods was originally presented by Floyd mathematical formulations and logical justifications were developed by Cooper and Manna, and others, and continued in King s Ph.D. thesis in which he presented the development of a partial implementation for these techniques. A sanewhat different axiomatic approach has been pursued by Hoare et al. The reader who has never made acquaintance with the formalism of the first order predicate calculus should at this point turn to Appendix A for a brief and unrigorous exposition of the material relevant to this chapter. 

In the EDS II phase of the ACWA program, Eco Logic became the prime contractor for a team that also included Kvaerner Process Systems Inc., Foster Wheeler, and El Dorado Engineering. 

In this paper we describe the need for planning, and then develop the predicate calculus we used and the choice of multi-valued logic. Finally we briefly describe the QED program, a few rules, and an example analysis. Other papers in the QED series will cover the program and chemical results in detail. 

Artificial Intelligence, Logic Programming, and Statistics in Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Spectroscopic Analysis... 

Inductive logic programming (ILP) is not a pharmacophore generation method by itself, but a subfield of the machine learning approach. In this field, other methods such as hidden Markov models, Bayesian learning, decision trees and logic programs are available. 

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