Profitability gap

E-commerca will Increase profitability gap between leaders and laggards... 

Figure 3. The narrowing profitability gap between basic chemicals vs. all manufacturing (profits as percent of sales)...

The successful sale of recycled plastics requires familiarity with the concept of profit gap analysis, profit planning and new product development as three interlinked stages which ensure that requisite corporate profitability is attained. Modern marketing philosophy cites profit-seeking activity as opposed to sales volume activity as the distinguishing feature. 

For Nell, this approach closely resembles the first of Marx s solutions in Capital, volume 2, to the problem of establishing where the money comes from to service the gap between the amount advanced by capitalists and the amount M they receive as income.2 As we saw in Chapter 3, Marx addresses this issue by positing that capitalists advance the amount M -M in addition to M. Under the Kalecki Principle, M —M is the amount of money cast into circulation by capitalists in order to realize profits. Ignoring for simplicity the role of capitalist consumption, this amount is required to purchase additional quantities of capital. Hence, capitalists advance the whole of M. On this view, theoretically, it is correct to speak of M becoming M, but in practice there is no initial sum of money, M, followed later by a larger sum, M there is only M (ibid. 207). In the single swap approach this advance of money is sufficient to fund total income in one run of the monetary circuit. 

Limited knowledge and high transaction costs prevent individuals from developing expertise about many remote risks. So entrepreneurs often fill the gaps. The ability to provide information about the risks of chemical exposure offers many profitable opportunities, as long as the exposure is a private good that varies among individuals. ... 

Majaro, S. (1992). The Creative Gap Managing Ideas for Profit. McGraw-Hill. 

We anticipate that the demand/supply gap will continue to stay narrow over the next several years and that sulfur prices and profit margins will remain high. The recent supply dilemma has been alleviated partially by reduction of inventories, primarily in Western Canada and at Frasch sulfur stockpiles in the U.S. Mexico and Poland. But, since no new major sources of sulfur will be available over the near term, the world operating rate will probably continue to stay above 90% in the early 1980 s. 

Estimates of total industry R D spending, and therefore the profit levels necessary to generate that level of spending, also need to be questioned. In 2000, PhRMA reported that the Industry spent US 21,364 billion on in-house and contracted out research (PhRMA 2004), but the amount from the survey done by the NSF was US 15,451 billion (NSF 2003), leaving a gap of almost US 6 billion to be explained. 

The second gap in the drug development process occurs when pre-clinically validated candidate drugs fail to enter the clinical study phase because of profit-minded choices made by pharmaceutical companies. While it is not as expensive to develop drugs as the pharmaceutical lobby claims, it is still a costly and risky business (MSF 2001 17). Where a substantial reward at the end of the development process is clearly absent, corporate decision-makers are ill disposed to incur this risk. 

We are convinced that this book fills an important scientific gap that will stimulate international use and application of small-scale toxicity tests, whether for research, monitoring, or educational purposes. May the blue planef and its aquatic species ultimately profit from such endeavours ... 

We are convinced that these borderline areas receive less attention than they justify academic studies tend too often to be compartmentalized whereas technological interest too often lacks sufficient fundamental understanding. We hope that this series may help to bridge the gaps between some of these different fields and perhaps provide in the process some stimulation and scientific profit to the reader. 

However, it is not acceptable for an historian to make use of court verdicts without examining them critically, since the justice system and the science of history are guided by different objectives. For an historian, eyewitness testimony is of foremost significance because it helps to fill gaps in other sources. But due to its special nature, eyewitness testimony can be accorded a status equal to that of documents, and can be profitably exploited in historical research, only if certain principles are observed. The fundamental prerequisite is to establish, whenever and wherever possible, the connection between testimony and documents which have been critically substantiated as to their source"5... 

Metal electrodes have been so extensively studied in the past that one may profitably ask the question How does a semiconductor electrode differ from a metal electrode Although there are many differences, the two essential distinctions are (1) the low and readily variable electron density and (2) the existence of an energy gap, i. e. of a region of unallowed electronic energies. The many other differences can be shown to arise from these two. For example, because of the low electron density, one has sizable penetration of the interfacial electric fields into the bulk of the electrode. With metals significant fields penetrate no more than an angstrom or so inside the electrode with typical semiconductors the fields may be sizable at depths in excess of 10,000 A. In consequence the distributions of charge and potential at a semiconductor electrode are almost of a different kind from those at a metal electrode. 

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