Texture Profiling Method

In rubber testing, the surface finish of metals is of importance, for example on mould surfaces and compression set plates. There are a number of standards in the ISO Geometric Product Specification series but the most relevant is ISO 428729 which covers terms, definitions and surface texture parameters relating to the profile method of measuring surface finish. There are apparently over 1000 different parameters to characterize surface finish30 but only a few are generally encountered. The most commonly found is Ra (previously called CLA) which is the mean deviation of the surface profile above and below the center line, followed by Rz, a measure of the peak to valley height. For example, the arithmetic mean deviation (Ra) of the compression plates for compression set tests must be better than 0.2 m. 

ISO 4287, 1997, Corl, 1998. Geometrical product specification - Surface texture Profile method - Terms, definitions and surface texture parameters. 

International Standard ISO 4287. Geometrical Product Specifications (GPS) Surface Texture Profile Method - Terms, Definitions and Surface Texture Parameters. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland, 1997. 

ASME B46.1-1995 Surface Texture (Surface Roughness, Waviness, and Lay). ISO 1302 1994 Technical Drawings — Method of indicating surface texture. ISO 4288 1996 Geometrical Product Specifications (GPS) — Surface texture Profile method — Rules and procedures for the assessment of surface texture. ISO 12085 1996 Geometrical Product Specifications (GPS) — Surface texture Profile method — Motif parameters. 

ISO 3274 1996 Geometrical Product Specifications (GPS) — Surface texture Profile method — Nominal characteristics of contact stylus instruments. 

ISO 4288 (1996) Geometrical product specifications (GPS) - surface texture profile method - rules and procedures for the assessment of surface texture. Beuth, Berlin... 

ISO 12085 (1996) Geometrical product specifications (GPS) - surface texture profile method - motif parameters, ISO, Geneva. Beuth, Berlin ISO 13565-3 (1998) Geometrical product specifications (GPS) - surface texture profile method surfaces having stratified functional properties - part 3 height characterization using the material probability curve, ISO, Geneva. Beuth, Berlin... 

The primary focus of current method development, as described by Dairou and Sieffermann (2002), has been to avoid the long and costly process of nsing traditional methods. In the case of the Flavor and Texture Profile methods, both of which specified 14 weeks to select and train a panel, such a time frame is too long in today s business environment. One of the reasons for developing the QDA method was this unusually long time requirement to develop a panel. The QDA method reduced that time to 8 days (or sessions) and the data collection time depended on the number of products and replications. It was also developed as a quantitative method and incorporated the repeated trials to allow for the various analyses already described. A Flavor Profile test required a single session because no data are obtained only a consensus judgment, a summary of the subjects opinions reported by the PL who, by the way, also functioned as a subject. 

The data from sensory evaluation and texture profile analysis of the jellies made with amidated pectin and sunflower pectin were subjected to Principal component analysis (PC) using the statistical software based on Jacobi method (Univac, 1973). The results of PC analysis are shown in figure 7. The plane of two principal components (F1,F2) explain 89,75 % of the variance contained in the original data. The attributes related with textural evaluation are highly correlated with the first principal component (Had.=0.95, Spr.=0.97, Che.=0.98, Gum.=0.95, Coe=0.98, HS=0.82 and SP=-0.93). As it could be expected, spreadability increases along the negative side of the axis unlike other textural parameters. 

Catalyst characterization - Characterization of mixed metal oxides was performed by atomic emission spectroscopy with inductively coupled plasma atomisation (ICP-AES) on a CE Instraments Sorptomatic 1990. NH3-TPD was nsed for the characterization of acid site distribntion. SZ (0.3 g) was heated up to 600°C using He (30 ml min ) to remove adsorbed components. Then, the sample was cooled at room temperatnre and satnrated for 2 h with 100 ml min of 8200 ppm NH3 in He as carrier gas. Snbseqnently, the system was flashed with He at a flowrate of 30 ml min for 2 h. The temperatnre was ramped np to 600°C at a rate of 10°C min. A TCD was used to measure the NH3 desorption profile. Textural properties were established from the N2 adsorption isotherm. Snrface area was calcnlated nsing the BET equation and the pore size was calcnlated nsing the BJH method. The resnlts given in Table 33.4 are in good agreement with varions literature data. 

The lack of software for the decomposition method in two dimensions in application to electron diffraction texture patterns was avoided by Zvyagin and Zhukhlistov by using one-dimensional methods of intensity extraction. Later the decomposition method for one-dimensional radial profiles (starting at the centre of the diffraction pattern and passing through... 

A detailed method to perform texture profile analysis (TPA) on raw and cooked potatoes has been described by Kaur et al. (2007). The raw or cooked cylindrical pieces are prepared as described... 

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