Production cutbacks

Road paving. This includes bitumen, cutbacks and fluxed bitumen as well as emulsions. Each of these products is subject to very special application techniques. This list is completed by the use of poured asphalt, even though this product is better suited to smaller surfaces sidewalks, courts, etc., than to pavements. Since the middle of the 1980 s, air-blown bitumen is no longer used for road construction. 

Distillation of cutbacks and fluxed bituminous products NF T 66-003 ASTM D 402 Distillation... 

North American HF production capacity has declined since the early 1980s and several smaller producers, such as Harshaw and Essex, have closed plants. Production is expected to continue to decline in the short term because of chlorofluorocarbon (CPC) cutbacks, but is expected to rebound later in the 1990s as replacement hydrochlorofluorocarbons are introduced to the marketplace. 

Flash Point (ASTMD92). The Cleveland open cup method is most commonly used although the Tag open cup (ASTM D3143) is apphcable to cutbacks. Flash point is an indication of fire hazard and the test is frequendy used to indicate whether a given product has been contaminated with materials of lower dash point. 

Liquid Asphalt. Liquid asphalt products comprise cutback asphalts and emulsions. A number of grades of different viscosities are available, which permit appHcation from ambient temperatures to 150°C. The lower viscosity products are used for dust-laying purposes and as tack coats, prior to laying asphalt surface courses. The heavier grades are used for mix-in-place road mixes. 

Cutback the term applied to the products from blending heavier feedstocks or products with lighter oils to bring the heavier materials to the desired specifications. 

Cutbacks in R and D spending, with reduction of spending for innovative endeavors and increased emphasis on defensive or supportive research on existing products. Less interest results in special-use materials with priority assigned more... 

The H-Oil imit was designed to convert 2500 bbl/day of West Texas sour vacuum bottoms into lighter products (J). Later it was found possible to process a heavier, lower value feedstock, cutback propane... 

Asphalt is prepared from a distillation residuum, and therefore the need for distillation data is limited. Vacuum distillation data (ASTM D-1160) will be valuable for composition purposes if the asphalt is prepared from an atmospheric residuum. Approximate amounts of volatile constituents can also be determined by test methods developed for other products (ASTM D-20, ASTM D-402, ASTM D-3607, ASTM D-4893) but that are particularly applicable to cutback asphalt. 

Recognizing the serious implications of the loss of ozone in the stratosphere, nations throughout the world have acknowledged the need to drastically curtail or totally stop the production of CFCs. In 1978 the United States was one of the few countries to ban the use of CFCs in hair sprays and other aerosols. An international treaty—the Montreal protocol—was signed by most industrialized nations in 1987, setting targets for cutbacks in CFC production and the complete elimination of these substances by the year 2000. While some progress has been made in this respect, it is doubtful that poorer nations such as China and India can strictly abide by the treaty because of the... 

Awareness of the ozone depletion problem was reflected by signing in 1987 of the Montreal Protocol on substances that deplete the ozone layer . This international treaty initially set targets for CFC production to be cutback to 1986 baseline levels by mid-1989, cut to 80%ofbaselineby 1993, and to 50% of baseline by 1998. Subsequent information suggested that these cuts in CFC production would be insufficient to prevent substantial loss of stratospheric ozone over the first half of the 2T century. Consequently, amendments have been made to strengthen the original terms of the Montreal Protocol, so that a complete phase-out of the hard CFCs such as CFC-11 and CFC-12 (Figure 6) will be effected. 

As seen in the foregoing presentations, our Japanese chemical industries as a whole had been in very good shape from the macroscopic point of view. However, we observed the downtrend started around the spring of 1991. By now, many chemical companies are obliged to revise their sales and profit plans in downward direction. Investment cutbacks of manufacturing facilities arc reported, while production curtailment is considered in certain sectors. 

It can be concluded from this research that increased use of antibiotics as growth promoters (AGPs) for livestock production, both in pig and poultry farming, can result in a high percentage of resistant bacterial strains, especially E. coli. This not only affects animal production, but may have an impact on human medicine too. As a result, a cutback in the use of AGPs in animal production has been recommended and since January 2006 in EU countries, they have been banned. 

Numerous construction products are formulated from asphalt and coal tar for such applications as driveway sealers, cutback asphalts, flashing cements, conerete primers, concrete cold mixes, roof cements, expansion joint fillers, patch liquids, waterproofing liquid-applied membranes, and pipeline eoatings. All these produets are likely to contain... 

ASTM D 402. 2008. Standard test method for distillation of cutback asphaltic (bituminous) products. West Conshohocken, PA ASTM International. 

It can be understood from our data (Table 8.4 and Figure 8.15) that, as the content of density rate of the initial mixture increases from 0.34 (pore density) to 0.75 (pressed samples), the combustion temperature and the burning rate decrease. A shght decline of combustion properties is attributable to pore volume decrease between particles of the initial mixture, which embarrasses by-product yield, and NaF resulting in heat penetration cutback the mixture of NaNj and AlFj. Maximum amount of nitrogen in the product is archived by using the initial mixture in... 

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