Product volume, commitment

This element has been taken on by the ICCA who have produced a draft list of 1200 High Production Volume (HPV) chemicals. The Chemicals Assessment and Management groups of the various industry associations have programmes for gathering information on these chemicals and others already on priority lists. Beyond the Confidence in Chemicals Initiative are a number of related national commitments. These include self-commitment by the German chemical industry under the auspices of VCI to establish a minimum data set for all chemicals (including intermediates). 

Equation (4.16) shows that if we add the production volume of product h of manufacturer n in period t to the inventory volume at the end of period t— I, and subtract the inventory at the end of t, then the result and the total amount of product h committed to be provided to aU downstream firms by enterprise n in period t are at a balanced level. 

Let s assume that our widget manufacturer has little flexibility in its supply chain. Commitment to a production volume must be made at the beginning of the year. So the plan becomes very important as a determinant of the widget s success. In cases like that of the widget, one of three outcomes is likely if the supply chain manager produces the 100,000 units called for by the plan ... 

Despite these amazing developments, time is still needed to prove and demonstrate low-cost, easy-to-manufacture designs and ancillary systems. It is expected that it will take several production cycles at low-to-medium volumes to gain experience, establish reliability, and achieve maturity. Over the next decade, automakers may be unwilling to commit to extensive production, since early designs could become obsolete before costs are fully recovered. The following section describes current... 

Historically, the adulteration of food has been an issue of importance for both economic and food safety reasons. Whenever a commodity achieves an economic advantage or can demand a premium price, an opportunity simultaneously arises for an unscrupulous manufacturer to commit a fraudulent act. This can either be by offering a falsely labeled, inferior product for sale, or by increasing the volume of the commodity by extending it with another material. Examples of food extension, reported from Victorian Britain, are ... 

James Wei Thermodynamics in service to oil and gas and commodity chemicals is a very successful model. It s a mature technology on the S curve. The problem is to know the material properties in very great detail so we can optimize each percent improvement in efficiency, which represents a lot of money. Early in his lecture, Keith mentioned new materials and speciality chemicals. In these applications, we re going into a different mode, and a different type of a commitment is needed. For instance, many biotechnology products and some of the microstructured fluids and solids are produced in very small volume, they have a short product cycle, and we cannot be assured that the same product will still be produced ten years from now. It s important to get these specialty chemical products on the market speedily. Because they are produced in very small volume, we cannot afford large amounts of time or research money. Let s say that one percent of the sales volume is a reasonable research dollar. Instead of methane,... 

How good is the customer s commitment to buying the product in the volumes needed ... 

A DMF provides (incorporates) information by reference and permits the holder to authorize other persons to disclose information in support of an application. Usually, a DMF may only be accessed (reviewed) by the FDA if the holder of the drug application provides the FDA with authorization (by incorporation), in writing, with two copies, dated, with the DMF number, name of holder, name of material, specific product, reference number/volume, page number, name of authorized persons, and a statement of commitment that the DMF is current. The letters filed to the DMF must have the original signature, typed name, and title of the authorizing person on... 

Kolbe s scathing remarks remind us how much resistance to atomism survived technical and theoretical advances in chemistry. Chemists of the early nineteenth-century were careful to distance theories about the proportions in which substances combined from commitment to physical atomism. Atomism, which at the time had much in common with the original Democritean theory, was an account of the ultimate, and unobservable, structure of matter, a theory about what underlay appearances. The law of chemical proportions, by contrast, was simply an empirical generalization to the effect that simple substances combined in proportions expressible as a simple ratio. When, in 1808, the year of Dalton s New System of Chemical Philosophy, Gay-Lussac read a paper to the Societe Philomatique of Paris, in which he stated that volumes of gases combined in simple proportions (i.e., in ratios of 1 1,1 2, or 1 3) to form one or two parts by volume of product, he offered a nonatomistic explanation of the law. "Chemical action," he wrote, "is exerted more powerfully when the elements are in simple ratios... 

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