False labelling

Passage of the Sherley Amendment. Specifically outlawed any false label claims as to curative effect. 

Feuerstein TJ, Seeger W (1997) Modulation of acetylcholine release in human cortical slices possible implications for Alzheimer s disease. Pharmacol Ther 74 333 17 Feuerstein TJ, Hertting G, Lupp A, Neufang B (1986) False labelling of dopaminergic terminals in the rabbit caudate nucleus uptake and release of [3H]-5-hydroxytryptamine. Br J Pharmacol 88 677-84... 

Historically, the adulteration of food has been an issue of importance for both economic and food safety reasons. Whenever a commodity achieves an economic advantage or can demand a premium price, an opportunity simultaneously arises for an unscrupulous manufacturer to commit a fraudulent act. This can either be by offering a falsely labeled, inferior product for sale, or by increasing the volume of the commodity by extending it with another material. Examples of food extension, reported from Victorian Britain, are ... 

An autoradiogram in the laboratory notebook from a Western blot was falsely labelled with a piece of tape to misrepresent the data for an unrelated experiment, and the intensity of a band in another autoradiogram was artificially enhanced in response to the initial review of the respective manuscript ... 

The Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1938 provided definitions for cosmetics and drugs and prohibited interstate commerce for cosmetics that are adultered or misbranded. By definition, adultered means that the product contains a poisonous or deleterious substance, a nonpermitted color additive, or a filthy, putrid, or decomposed substance or that it was manufactured or held under nonsanitary conditions. Misbranded means that it contains false labeling, does not contain the required labeling, or is not truthfully packaged. 

Labeling Regulations. The Food, Dmg and Cosmetics Act requires that the cosmetic product be safe under conditions of use and that labeling is not false or misleading. Under this Act, the labeling of a cosmetic product must contain the name and address of the manufacturer, packer, or distributor the net contents and any appropriate warnings. This information must appear on the label of the product, both inner and outer containers. 

Step 11. At this point a computer program refines the atomic parameters of the atoms that were assigned labels. The atomic parameters consist of the three position parameters x,j, and for each atom. Also one or six atomic displacement parameters that describe how the atom is "smeared" (due to thermal motion or disorder) are refined for each atom. The atomic parameters are varied so that the calculated reflection intensities are made to be as nearly equal as possible to the observed intensities. During this process, estimated phase angles are obtained for all of the reflections whose intensities were measured. A new three-dimensional electron density map is calculated using these calculated phase angles and the observed intensities. There is less false detail in this map than in the first map. 

Sherley Amendments prohibit labelling medicines with false therapeutic claims intended to defraud the purchaser. 

For the reasons described, no specific test will be advanced here as being superior, but Huber s model and the classical one for z = 2 and z = 3 are incorporated into program HUBER the authors are of the opinion that the best recourse is to openly declare all values and do the analysis twice, once with the presumed outliers included, and once excluded from the statistical analysis in the latter case the excluded points should nonetheless be included in tables (in parentheses) and in graphs (different symbol). Outliers should not be labeled as such solely on the basis of a fixed (statistical) rule the decision should primarily reflect scientific experience. The justification must be explicitly stated in any report cf. Sections 4.18 and 4.19. If the circumstances demand that a mle be set down, it is best to use a robust model such as Huber s its sensitivity for the problem at hand, and the typical rate for false positives, should be investigated by, for example, a Monte... 

Notice that the labels were used solely to tell us where to go next. Suppose there was a k-placed predicate T and values x and v such that under the current interpretation T(x) is TRUE and T(v) is false, and t is stored in variables TRUE, ..., TRUEk and v in FALSE., ... , FALSEk (i.e. x = (x, ..., ) and... 

These rules help to avoid incorrect reporting of false metabolites and unnecessary reporting of minor metabolites. Typically, we report metabolites by showing the relative responses of the metabolite and dosed compound on the same graph because the y axis of this graph is labeled relative response (as opposed to concentration units), we alert the recipient that the concentration responses of dosed compound and metabolite may vary. Figure 7.5 is an example of this type of report. 

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