Produced water treatment guidelines

Electric Power Research Institute, Guidelines for makeup water treatment, 2010. Available from http //www. epri.com/abstracts/Pages/ProductAbstract.aspx Produc tld=000000000001019635. Accessed June 19, 2013. 

Jellyfish present both opportunities and challenges for the aquaculture industry. They can produce economic gains or losses. In the first section, we review the fisheries and culture of jellyfish for human food, multi-miUion-dollar industries with markets currently centered in Asia. Interest in jellyfish has increased around the world in recent decades, both for public aquarium exhibition, where they offer economic and educational opportunities, and for scientific study, because the problems jellyfish cause have increased in coastal waters. Thus, in the second section, we present guidelines for culture conditions and tank construction for display or study of 27 jellyfish species. Although some jellyfish species benefit human health and economics, most are considered to be harmful, resulting in many millions of dollars in costs annually. Human problems with jellyfish include stinging and the costs associated with prevention, treatment, and loss of tourism. 

Long or extended period batch treatments are occasionally performed on wells producing low water cut fluids (0 to 25% water). Oil-soluble or nearly oil-soluble inhibitors may be batched into the annulus. Usually half to one drum of chemical is used. The well fluids are circulated for two to four hours to mix the inhibitor into the annulus oil. The wells are then produced for a period of time (one month), when 37.8 to 56.7 liters (10 to 15 gallons) are again batched and the well circulated for two to four hours. With high fluid level wells this treatment has lasted for up to three months per batch. This procedure is a general guideline and the exact procedure should be supplied by tbe manufacturer. 

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