Processing applications insertion

Functionalization of carbon nanotubes becomes essential for multiple reasons. Firstly, chemical modification can allow debundling and therefore solubilization of the tubes, which is an important feature for their processability. Secondly, insertion of functional groups enables attachment of more complex moieties that find applications in several fields. 

Lastly, and ultimately the most important, is evaluation of the applicability of the metal vapor top contact process for insertion into fabrication lines for mass production. At this point, significant improvements are required, well beyond the present state-of-the art, in order to achieve large cost efficient, high yield, high throughput fabrication. Hopefully, in the next decade, many of these issues will be resolved by the integrated research results from workers worldwide. 

Condensers are heat exchangers that transfer the heat of condensation of vapour to a coolant. They are useful devices in the removal of large amounts of vapour from a gas stream. Depending on the application, it may be useful to condense the majority of the vapour generated in a vacuum process by inserting a condenser between the vessel and the pump, and use a small vacuum pump to remove non-condensable gases. 

Solid-state electrochemistry — is traditionally seen as that branch of electrochemistry which concerns (a) the -> charge transport processes in -> solid electrolytes, and (b) the electrode processes in - insertion electrodes (see also -> insertion electrochemistry). More recently, also any other electrochemical reactions of solid compounds and materials are considered as part of solid state electrochemistry. Solid-state electrochemical systems are of great importance in many fields of science and technology including -> batteries, - fuel cells, - electrocatalysis, -> photoelectrochemistry, - sensors, and - corrosion. There are many different experimental approaches and types of applicable compounds. In general, solid-state electrochemical studies can be performed on thin solid films (- surface-modified electrodes), microparticles (-> voltammetry of immobilized microparticles), and even with millimeter-size bulk materials immobilized on electrode surfaces or investigated with use of ultramicroelectrodes. The actual measurements can be performed with liquid or solid electrolytes. 

Application The zirconia oxygen sensor is widely used for combustion control processes and for air/fuel ratio regulation in internal combustion engines. The closed-end portion of the electrode tube is inserted into the exhaust gas stream. In the control of industrial combustion processes, no out stack sampling system is required. 

Another consideration is the ability of a material to provide a surface that is compatible with the requirements of the application a smooth finish for extruded profiles, molded-in colors, textured surfaces, etc. The compatibility of the major processes with in-mold coating and other insert-surfacing materials, and their compatibility with surface decoration secondary processes, could also be important. 

With nonracemic chiral diazoacetates the insertion process occurs with evident match/mismatch characteristics. This has been demonstrated in reactions of optically pure 2-methylcyclohexyl diazoacetates (Eq. 9) [85] and in carbon-hydrogen insertion reactions of steroidal diazoacetates (Eq. 10) [86], as well as with the synthesis of pyrrolizidines 36 and 37 [84]. The mechanistic preference for formation of a /J-lactone in Eq. 10 over insertion into the 4-position is not clear,but there are other examples of /J-lactone formation [87]. In these and related examples, selectivities in match/mismatch examples are high, and future investigations are anticipated to show even greater applicability. 

The potential of C-Si and Si-H insertion processes of platinum fragments like [(dtbpm)Pt(O)] and [(dcpm)Pt(O)] with respect to stoichiometric or catalytic applications is being evaluated in our group now. The chemistry of the nickel and palladium analogs of these intermediates and of their complexes [28, 29], in accord with theoretical expectations, has turned out to be comparably unusual and exciting. This will be reported elsewhere. 

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