Process/reactor design overview

Table I provides an overview of general reactor designs used with PS and HIPS processes on the basis of reactor function. The polymer concentrations characterizing the mass polymerizations are approximate there could be some overlapping of agitator types with solids level beyond that shown in the tcd>le. Polymer concentration limits on HIPS will be lower because of increased viscosity. There are also additional applications. Tubular reactors, for example, in effect, often exist as the transfer lines between reactors and in external circulating loops associated with continuous reactors.

The objective of this section is to provide a brief overview of selected chemistries and processes that are based upon various tubular reactor designs to illustrate more practical aspects. As the partial oxidation process is a key manufacturing technology that utilizes various tubular reactor designs, most of the emphasis will be placed here. The extension of the same concepts to other chemistries, such as hydrogenation reactions, is based upon similar principles. 

In this chapter, we aim to provide an overview of the status of hydrothermal processing technologies and recent research. The chapter includes a description of associated process chemistry including a description of how the properties of water change when heated under pressure and the reaction steps in each of the hydrothermal routes. The impact and influence of different feedstocks on process operation and product distribution and composition is reviewed. Recent advances in reactor design, product upgrading, commercialization and techno-economic and Ufecycle analysis are presented before conclusions are drawn on the status of the technology. 

Several reported chemical systems of gas-liquid precipitation are first reviewed from the viewpoints of both experimental study and industrial application. The characteristic feature of gas-liquid mass transfer in terms of its effects on the crystallization process is then discussed theoretically together with a summary of experimental results. The secondary processes of particle agglomeration and disruption are then modelled and discussed in respect of the effect of reactor fluid dynamics. Finally, different types of gas-liquid contacting reactor and their respective design considerations are overviewed for application to controlled precipitate particle formation. 

The purpose of this chapter is to give an overview of this Workbook, from the point of view of its use during the design process of a pressure relief system for a chemical reactor. 

In chap 11 an overview of the basic designs, principles of operation, and modeling of fixed packed bed reactors is presented. The basic theory is applied to describe the performance of particular chemical processes operated in fixed packed bed reactors. That is, porous media reactive flow model simulations of particular packed bed sorption enhanced steam reforming processes are assessed. 

In recent years, the use of coal as a raw material for the productions of hydrocarbons, liquid transportation fuels, chemical feedstocks and solid fuel is gaining importance. Tliree important processes for the achievement of this goal are (1) direct (2) removal of sulfur from coal by oxydesul-indirect coal liquefaction or the Fischer-All of these processes employ three-phase slurry reactors. In this overview, a present state of the art for the models, scaleup, design and other operational problems associated with these processes are briefly evaluated. 

Previous sections of tbis chapter have provided an overview of key issues affecting the performance of catalytic fluidized-bed reactors. In this section, we address more directly key challenges which affect the design, scale-up, and implementation of fluidized-bed processes. 

In closing this overview, it is important to emphasize that the three fields mentioned above need not be the only fields. As CRE encompasses more and more chemistry-based disciplines into its fold, the nnmber of field equations is likely to increase. For instance, when reaction engineers looked at electrochemical processes, they found the need to inclnde a set of equations defining the electrochemical field in the analysis and design of electrochemical reactors. Similarly, when sonochanical reactions were added, a new set of equations defining the sonochemical field had to be added, and so on. 

Specific examples of single-phase turbulent reacting flows in a tubular jet reactor are discussed in Section 9.10.4.1. We select representative industrial problems of engineering interest for the two fundamental classes of polymerization reactions, namely addition and condensation polymerization. For each example, we present a general overview of the problem and detailed reacting flow analyses, followed by useful process design and operational information. 

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