Process life-cycle information

Efficiently Collecting Process Life-cycle Information... 

When collecting process life-cycle information, increased information collection costs will negatively affect efforts to achieve competitive benefits. Therefore, efficient collection methods should be sought. 

Similarly, Overcash et al. [32] produced an engineering rule-of-practice-based analysis of separate unit processes used in manufacturing. The information is collated in the form of a unit process life cycle inventory, which then helps to evaluate the manufactured products through the quantification of various parameters, including input materials, energy requirements, material losses and machine variables. 

It is not usually practical for a solvent user to track all possible types of process stewardship/life-cycle information. There are a number of criteria that should be used to determine which life-cycle information should be tracked including those listed in table 4.6. 

Option, attempted to minimize the environmental burdens at the LCA practitioner s manufacturing plant, but this method did not analyze the entire lifecycle of the product or process in question.88 However, even today, life-cycle assessments that focus primarily on mass and energy balances (e.g., Beaver et al.89) provide useful life-cycle information. 

Flow-sheet models are used at all stages in the life cycle of a process plant during process development, for process design and retrofits, and for plant operations. Input to the model consists of information normally contained in the process flow sheet. Output from the model is a complete representation of the performance of the plant, including the composition, flow, and properties of all intermediate and product streams and the performance of the process units. 

A life cycle assessment (LCA), also known as life cycle analysis, of a product or process begins with an inventory of the energy and environmental flows associated with a product from "cradle to grave" and provides information on the raw materials used from the environment, energy resources consumed, and air, water, and solid waste emissions generated. GHGs and other wastes, sinks, and emissions may then be assessed (Sheehan et ah, 1998). The net GHG emissions calculated from an LCA are usually reported per imit of product or as the carbon footprint. 

In the life cycle phases of product manufacturing, the focus of resource efficiency moves from the material applied per unit to resources used in the various production phases, for example, cooling lubricants, compressed air or hydraulic oil and on the energy requirements of the production processes [24]. Process relevant information is based on equipment energy consumption curves. Each curve is specific to a production equipment item and enables an accurate determination of the energy consumption of the item over the production time. 

FIGURE 6 A typical sample life cycle from sample injection, through data processing, and reporting.The information finally ends up in the corporate LIMS after final review. 

Data processing and chemometrics are methods for extracting useful information from the complex instrumental and other data stream(s) (see Chapter 12) for process understanding and the development of deterministic models for process control. The hnal element, the analytical method development life cycle, will be discussed further within this chapter. 

Company). The product of the FEL process is a design-basis package of customized information used to support the production of detailed engineering design documents. Completion of the FEL design-basis package typically coincides with project AFE (Authorization for Expenditure) or project authorization. Project authorization is that point in the project life cycle where the owner organization commits the majority of the project s capital investment and contracts. 

The benefits of using economy input-output life-cycle analysis (EIO-LCA) to estimate economy-wide discharges are significant. LCA is a systematic tool that is used to provide information on the consequences of alternative products and processes, thereby facilitating effective environmental decision-making. This is generally achieved... 

Another way to view streamlining is through the application of the cradle-to-grave nature of LCA to look at products, processes, and activities in a more qualitative manner. This approach is also called using the life-cycle concept or life-cycle thinking. Life-cycle thinking requires the user to look upstream and downstream of the operation being studied, perhaps in an approach that combines quantitative and qualitative information. 

It is expected that different companies will develop different levels of process understanding and the level of understanding for a particular product can increase over time (life cycle). These differences will need to be accommodated in regulatory policies through a clear articulation of what is a minimum regulatory expectation (e.g., current requirements of CMC review information and process validation) and what is an optional opportunity for companies to improve efficiency while reducing risk to quality and regulatory concerns. 

There are several bodies of information that feed into our understanding of stellar nucleosynthesis. We will start with a discussion of the classification of stars, their masses and mass distributions, and their lifetimes. From this information we can assess the relative importance of different types of stars to the nucleosynthesis of the elements in our solar system and in the galaxy. We will then discuss the life cycles of stars to give a framework for the discussion of nucleosynthesis processes. Next, we will review the nuclear pathways... 

Innovation as a process and the related research-and-development (R D) project management are considered to be two of the most complex information systems and engineering architectures due to the large number of attributes, processes, and dynamic changes projects go through during their life cycle. 

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