Process intensive equipment

In the pharmaceutical industry, distributors fall under intense scrutiny, as critical players in the supply chain. From the early development of many drug products to production and commercialization, distributors are integral parts of the entire process— supplying equipment, active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), and excipients—the focus of this chapter. 

Basically, process intensification aims at replacing large, expensive, energy-intensive equipments or processes with ones that are smaller, cheaper and more efficient. At the same time, they have to minimize environmental impact, increase safety, improve remote control and automation and ensure a better product quality. 

Process Hazards Reviews comprise formal committee meetings where hours are spent intensively examining, by one of the methods described later, a chemical reaction or process, with a report, documentation, and follow-up. Pre-Startup Reviews/Process Hazards Audits are no less intensive, but the time spent is less, because the complexity of the process or equipment being examined is less. Reports, documentation, and follow-up are also a part of the Pre-Startup Review/Process Hazards Audit. An equipment acceptance safety inspection would be considered a Process Hazards Audit. 

After the review method is chosen, the responsibility for holding the PHR or Pre-Startup Review falls to the line organization who contact the Process Hazards Review Committee. At the Experimental Station, each resident Laboratory or Department has a committee appropriate to its needs. In each case, the committee chairman is in a management position and can command the resources necessary to review the process or equipment successfully. It is the chairman s responsibility to assure that the review is intensive and covers all aspects of the process or equipment. The chairman also serves as the Laboratory s liaison with the Site Process Hazards Management Committee. 

Process-intensifying equipment, such as novel reactors, intensive mixing, heat-transfer and mass-transfer devices ... 

As described in chapter 3.1 1ST and ITA already tested alternative ways to bring the B-staged prepreg inside of the concrete into the C-stage (Fig. 7). Thus, there is no further need to use a mould or autoclave process at all. This saves expenses. UV-, microwave or heat-curing systems are not favored by ISF and ITA, because cost intensive equipment would be needed as well as workers who have to deal with it on the construction side. 

Stadnik BN, Kazanskii MF. Effect of sound on the intensity of drying capiUary-porous materials. In Investigation of Heat and Mass Transfer in Technological Processes and Equipment. Minsk Belarus Nauka i Tekhnika, 1966 (in Russian). 

The manufacturing process uses a relatively simple technology. It does not require capital-intensive equipment. The high starch polymer film can be made by using conventional plastic film extruders. The entire operation is cost-effective and makes the large-scale industrial production readily feasible (8). 

Functional unit methods are statistical methods for cost estimation. The production process is divided into functional units. Every chemical or physical treatment of the process flow is expressed as one functional unit. Each unit is weighted by a factor depending on the process intensity, material, and process conditions like pressure and temperature. The within-battery-limits (w.b.l.) costs, the outside-battery-limits (o.b.l.) costs, and the engineering costs are included. The w.b.l. are process equipment costs. The o.b.l. are the other facilities like storage, transportation, utilities and offices. The calculated investments have, within a 95% confidence level, an accuracy of 40%. 

Zinc arc spraying is an inexpensive process in terms of equipment and raw materials. Only 55—110 g/m is required for a standard 0.05—0.10 mm Zn thickness. It is more labor intensive, however. Grit blasting is a slow process, at a rate of 4.5 m /h. AppHcation of an adhesive paint layer is much quicker, 24 m /h, although the painted part must be baked or allowed to air dry. Arc sprayed 2inc is appHed at a rate of 9—36 m /h to maintain the plastic temperature below 65°C. The actual price of the product depends on part complexity, number of parts, and part size. A typical price in 1994 was in the range of 10—32/m. ... 

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