Process engineering literature

Discussed in the following section will be such data and other information regarding the elementary process steps in gas-liquid-particle operations as have appeared in the chemical engineering literature. 

The use of even the very simple models for isothermal operation described in Section IV,B requires a substantial amount of information regarding the elementary iate processes occurring in a gas-liquid-particle operation, as discussed in Section IV,A. While a considerable amount of information of this kind is available in the chemical engineering literature, it is widely scattered. It will be attempted in this section to present a comprehensive review of this information in order to facilitate its use. It is hoped that this review will be of value not only to those chemical engineers directly interested in the practical applications of gas-liquid-particle operations, but also, by pointing to the several areas characterized by very limited information, to those interested in research in this field. 

Almost all the information on costs available in the open literature is in American journals and refers to dollar prices in the US. Some UK equipment prices were published in the journals British Chemical Engineering and Chemical and Process Engineering before they ceased publication. The only comprehensive collection of UK prices available is given in the Institution of Chemical Engineers booklet, IChemE (2000). 

A quarterly publication of Industrial Research Service, Inc., Dover, N.H. It gives cost data for process engineers. Each year it pubhshes an index and abstract of cost literature. 

For the student, this is a basic text for a first-level course in process engineering fluid mechanics, which emphasizes the systematic application of fundamental principles (e.g., macroscopic mass, energy, and momentum balances and economics) to the analysis of a variety of fluid problems of a practical nature. Methods of analysis of many of these operations have been taken from the recent technical literature, and have not previously been available in textbooks. This book includes numerous problems that illustrate these applications at the end of each chapter. 

As noted in Chapter 1, these processes are referred to as macromixing in the chemical-reaction-engineering literature. 

Next to the ubiquitous CSTR, the distillation column is probably the most popular and important process studied in the chemical engineering literature. Distillation is used in many chemical processes for separating feed streams and for purification of final ami intermediate product streams. 

Unlike silicon-based materials where selective reactants are of ultimate importance, and III-V and metallic materials where product volatility dominates etching considerations, selective etching of organic films is driven by incorporating the desired reactivity (or lack of it) into the film itself. In device fabrication all types of materials are present simultaneously and the process engineer must be aware of the important aspects of the chemistry of each material in addition to the gas phase reactions that produce chemically active species. It is hoped that the discussions presented here provide a basis for approaching such a complex chemical system and for critically evaluating studies which appear in the literature. 

Large-scale purification methods for small molecules and short polypeptides are well established and published in the chemical engineering literature. Interested readers should refer to them for details. Although we will focus on downstream purification processes relevant to the production of recombinant products, bear in mind that many of these purification pro-... 

A complete treatment of mass transport to interfaces requires combining convective (flow) and diffusion processes 36 38) as the molecules present in a flowing stream are transported by flow (convection) and by diffusion simultaneously. Fortunately, this mass transport problem is well-treated38), particularly in the chemical engineering literature. Robertson 39-40) and Leonard41 are chemical engineers who have been... 

Another important modeling aspect is the simulation of catalytic process parameters and reactor configurations. Such models are typically associated with process engineering, and involve computational fluid dynamics and heat- and mass-transfer calculations. They are essential in the process planning and scale-up. However, as this book deals primarily with the chemical aspects of catalysis, the reader is referred to the literature on industrial catalysis and process simulations for further information [49,56]. 

Soon after the patents cited above were issued, publications about the new types of corotating extruders and their applications began to appear in increasing numbers. The secondary literature also cites further publications [24 to 35] from the period between 1951 and 1974, many of which were authored by the licensors Bayer, i.e., predominantly R. Erdmenger and the licensee Werner und Pfleiderer, i.e., H. Herrmann. These publications increasingly pushed process engineering and the various uses of the co-rotating extruder. 

In the treatment of heat transfer problems in the engineering literature, the process equation is, as a rule, extended by the parameter p/po instead of yoAT. This is justified because between both terms, in accordance with the standard representation in Fig. 8a, a simple correlation exists ... 

Yet another application of solute transport to an area of clinical significance is the development of advanced drug delivery systems. These systems seek to control the rate and amount of a substance delivered to the human or animal environment. Most are based on either controlled dissolution processes or membrane transport behavior. Such an approach to drug delivery has become a major industry and has been discussed and described in the chemical engineering literature [3, 4]. 

As a widely used unit operation throughout the process industries, there is a wealth of scientific and engineering literature which underpins this important separation technique, beyond the scope of this section. The com-... 

More work has appeared in the chemical engineering literature on distillation column control than on any other unit operation. Books on this important subject date back to the pioneering work of Rademaker et al. (1975), Shinskev (1977), and Buckley et al. (1985). Some of the more recent developments are discussed in Luyben (1992). The longterm popularity of distillation control is clear evidence that this is a very important and challenging area of process control. Most chemical plants and all petroleum refineries use distillation columns to separate chemical components. Distillation is the undisputed king of the separation processes. 

Equivalents and equivalent mass are two troublesome and confusing concepts. If the chemistry and enviromnental engineering literature were reviewed, these subjects would be found to be not well explained. Equivalents and equivalent mass in a unified fashion are explained herein using the concept of the reference species. Throughout the unit processes section of this book, reference species as a method is applied. Related to equivalents and equivalent mass is the dilemma of expressing concentrations in terms of calcium carbonate. Why, for example, is the concentration... 

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