Process basic categories

The methods employed neeessarily vary widely from one refinery to another, depending on the crude processed, the nature and location of the market, the type of equipment available, and many other factors. However, for simplifieation, it may be considered that all refining processes fall into one of four basic categories. 

Crackers are generally subdivided into three basic categories saltines or soda crackers (also known as cream crackers in the United Kingdom), sprayed crackers, and savory crackers (Hoseney, R.C. Wade, P. Findley, J.W. 1988 Soft wheat products in press). They are a class of baked product with a unique flavor and texture. Crackers are usually made of wheat flower, water, fat, yeast and salt by a process that combines fermentation, baking and dehydration to yield a thin low moisture product. Saltines are the simplest cracker with a typical "cracker-like aroma. This paper reviews the basic flavor chemistry of saltine crackers and presents preliminary data on the extraction of volatile compounds from these crackers. 

Reactive solute-transport models couple the equations that describe physical transport processes with equations that describe geochemical reactions. These models can be divided into three basic categories (i) equilibrium models, (ii) partial equilibrium models, and (iii) kinetic models. The three are differentiated by the... 

According to VDI guideline 3633 [1020], there are four basic categories with respect to the level of detail when human behavior in production processes is considered (1) material flow simulation, (2) person-integrated and person-oriented simulation, (3) anthropometric simulation and (4) biological simulation. However, only the first and the second category are more closely examined in the following, as they are the only ones related to the activities in IMPROVE. 

Separation processes rely on various mechanisms, implemented via a unit operation, to perform the separation. The mechanism is chosen to exploit some property difference between the components. They fall into two basic categories the partitioning of the feed stream between phases and the relative motion of various chemical species within a single phase. These two categories are often referred to as equilibrium and mass transfer rate processes, respectively. Separation processes can often be analyzed with either equilibrium or mass transfer models. However, one of these two mechanisms will be the limiting, or controlling, factor in the separation and is, therefore, the design mechanism. 

Absorption is the most common technique used to remove acid and is broken down into three basic categories physical, chemical, and hybrid (a combination of physical and chemical). These processes separate the acid... 

For many years there was considerable confusion regarding the nomenclature of SAS (27, 28). The categories used here for the production processes of SAS were first published in 1968 (29) and were also maintained in reference 1. Further information about the historical details surrounding this chosen system of classification is given in reference 1. The basic categories used in classifying SAS are... 

FRICTION STIR WELDING (FSW) and its variants of friction stir processing (FSP) and friction stir spot welding (FSSW) have numerous equipment solutions for production and development applications, like most manufacturing processes. There are three basic categories of production equipment solutions for most processes manual, hxed automation, and robotic solutions. Production FSW solutions are similar, with the exception that a manual solution is generally not possible due to the high forces required for FSW and its variants. 

Outputs are the ultimate criteria of team effectiveness. The most important outcome is whether the teams enhance the business process. There are two basic categories of outputs. Both are central to the definition of team effectiveness as well as to effective business processes. 

Software development processes for category B I Cfunctions shall be basically the same as the one for category A functions. 

Delegating routine material control transactions to the shop floor, this simple to operate, visible control system provides a means to organise supply as appropriate, to synchronise part movements during the course of manufacture. Pull scheduling sees parts pulled from preceding processes in line with demand. Kanban can be classified into three basic categories ... 

Man s understanding of natural phenomena shows that there are two basic categories of natural phenomena one is the deterministic whose basic characteristic is that when their initial states are known, their future states will be ascertained the other is the uncertain whose basic characteristic is that when their initial states are known, their future states can not be predicted [21]. These two categories reveal and reflect the relationship between inevitability and contingency, clarity and obscurity, and accuracy and inexactness in the process of development and change of objects. Certainty implies properties of regularity, necessarily, clarity and accuracy of... 

These three basic categories of separation processes rely on three different types of separation phenomena. These different types of separation phenomena achieve different extents of separation when coupled with particular configurations of bulk flow vs. force pattern. The description of each process/technique generally includes... 

There are three basic categories of thermal spray technologies combustion torch (flame spray, high velocity oxy-fuel, and detonation gun), electric (wire) arc, and plasma arc. Thermal spray processes are maturing, and the technology is readily available. 

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