Process analytical tools

K.A. Bakeev, Near infrared spectroscopy as a process analytical tool, part 1 laboratory applications. Spectroscopy, 18(11), 32-35 (2003). 

K. Pollanen, A. Hakkinen, S-P. Reinikinen, J. Rantanen, M. Kaijalainen, M. Louhi-Kultanen and L. Nystrom, IR spectroscopy together with multivariate data analysis as a process analytical tool for in-hne monitoring of crystallization process and solid-state analysis of crystalline product, J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal., 38, 275-284 (2005). 

Research has been done showing that rapid pressnre-driven LC analysis can be done with little solvent consumption, demonstrating this as a viable process analytical tool. Using electrokinetic nanoflow pumps LC can be miniaturized to the point of being a sensor system. Developments in terms of sampling to enable sampling directly from a process stream, to the separation channel on a chip are critical for the application of miniaturized process LC. The components (valves and pumps) required for hydrodynamic flow systems appear to be a current limitation to the fnll miniatnrization of LC separations. Detection systems have also evolved with electrochemical detection and refractive index detection systems providing increased sensitivity in miniaturized systems when compared to standard UV-vis detection or fluorescence, which may require precolumn derivatization. 

Lewis, N., Schoppelrei, J., Lee, E., and Kidder, L. (2005), Near-infrared chemical imaging as a process analytical tool, in Bakeev, K. A., Ed., Process Analytical Technology, Blackwell, London, pp. 187-225. 

Near-Infrared Chemical Imaging as a Process Analytical Tool... 

Bakeev, K.A., Near-Infrared Spectroscopy as a Process Analytical Tool. Part I Laboratory Applications Spectroscopy 2003, 18(11), 32-35. 

Advancement in the use of process analytical tools prior to process scale-up affords opportunities to reduce product development cycles by having an earlier understanding of the parameters that influence a product s processability, as well as properties that impact the final quality. Implementation in the development phase of a product will reduce the dependence on empirical approaches to product formulation. Thorough understanding of quality attributes in a formulation or process allow one to tailor-make a product through its processing and formulation by relating properties that are important to the final product quality to the chemical and physico-chemical characteristics of the components. 

Development of new process analytical tools - including sensors and data analysis -continues. Developments tend to grow out of necessity to solve a particular problem and arise from collaborative innovation between analytical chemists (in industry and academia) and industrial scientists and process engineers. Industrial scientists and engineers can... 

Gowen, A. A., O Donnell, C. R, Cullen, P. J., Downey, G., and Frias, J. M. (2007). Hyperspectral imaging—An emerging process analytical tool for food quality and safety control. Trends in Food Science Technology, 18(12), 590-598. 

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