Solved Problems

Progress in mean of modelisation and inverse problem solving [1] let us hope to dispose soon of these tools for flaws 3D imaging in Non Destructive Control with eddy current sensors. This will achieve a real improvement of the actual methods, mainly based upon signature analysis. But the actual eddy current probes used for steam generators tubes inspection in nuclear industry do not produce the adequate measurements and/or are not modelisable. 

Special Inspection Problems Solved by Means of Matched Ultrasonic Probe Design. 

Inference engine The inference engine represents the central problem-solving subsystem. It contains strategies for using the information contained in the... 

Isoparametric mapping described in Section 1.7 for generating curved and distorted elements is not, in general, relevant to one-dimensional problems. However, the problem solved in this section provides a simple example for the illustration of important aspects of this procedure. Consider a master element as is shown in Figure 2.23. The shape functions associated with this element are... 

NWChem is part of the Molecular Science Software Suite (MS ) which has been recognized by R D Magazine as one of the 100 most technologically signihcant new products and processes of 1999. The other elements of MS are Ecce, which is a problem-solving environment, and ParSoft, which is the underlying libraries and tools for parallel communication and high-performance input/output. All of the MS components are available publicly. 

The Online Learning Center is a comprehensive exclu sive website that provides a wealth of electronic re sources for instructors and students alike For students the OLC features tutorial problem solving strategies and assessment exercises for every chapter m the book that were developed by Ian Hunt and Rick Spinney from the University of Calgary You can also access the Essential Student Partner from the OLC Log on at WWW mhhe com/carey... 

Problem solving strategies and skills are em phasized throughout Understanding is continu ally reinforced by problems that appear within topic sections For many problems sample solu tions are given... 

Subsection of the analytical approach to problem solving (see Eigure 1.3), of relevance to the selection of a method and the design of an analytical procedure. 

This article provides a basic, step-by-step approach to problem solving in the practice and management of patents and trade secrets. The significance of aggressive patent and trade secret protection to the economic well-being of a business or organization should not be underestimated. Without patents and trade secrets, the marketplace is reduced to competition on the basis of price, which may be very difficult. 

The problem solved by the invention was never recognized before. 

During the 1970s and 1980s, U.S. companies tried to adopt Japanese improvement techniques, but not the philosophy. Thus quahty circles, ie, problem-solving groups of production workers, were initiated (11,12). When this approach failed to achieve anticipated results, it was replaced by other techniques, such as SPG (13), JIT (14), and ZD. This use of contrasting approaches has been summarized (15). 

The Tools of Quality. Quahty assurance also plays an important role in problem solving and process improvement. To do so, QA personnel must be knowledgeable in the many so-called tools of quahty (TOQ) and theh apphcation, so as to guide the efforts of process improvement. Many QA organizations are involved in training employees in these techniques to facihtate quahty improvement. 

Seven of the tools of quahty have been summarized (43). The first tool is a flow chart, used to help understand the organizational flow of a procedure or process. A flow chart should be constmcted with the fiiU participation of the people who do the work. Its principal benefit is to enable teams, such as problem-solving or productivity improvement teams, to reach a common vision of the work flow. Its use enables the improvement effort to begin with this common understanding. Figure 3 contains an example for manufacture of a polymeric material. 

In 1972, the concept of pattern recognition as a general problem solving tool for a broad scope of chemical appHcations was introduced (9,10). 

R. L. Grob and M. A. Kaiser, Environmental Problem Solving Using Gas and Liquid Chromatography, Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 1982. 

Definition / An expert system is a computer program that manipulates large amounts of symboHc knowledge using quaUtative techniques, to solve problems that can otherwise be solved only by expert human problem solvers. Expert systems capture the human problem solver s expertise in the form of domain-specific knowledge and domain-independent problem-solving strategies. 

Representation. Erom a software viewpoint, knowledge-based technology provides ways to represent knowledge and reason with it. The knowledge to be represented includes facts, descriptions, relationships, and problem-solving knowledge. 

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