Problem for ships

The use of non-standard methods can cause problems for ship owners and engine manufacturers in interpreting results. They also make it difficult to compare results from different laboratories. To reduce these problems, CEC have produced a document, CEC M-13-T-92, identifying well-established test methods that should be used if a dispute arises about the condition of a lubricating oil [27]. 

The absorption of SO for oleum production is carried out over a relatively narrow temperature range. The upper temperature is set to provide a reasonable partial pressure driving force for the oleum concentration used. The lower practical temperature limit is the freezing point of oleums, which is high enough to be a problem in shipping and handling as well. For some oleum uses it is practical to add small amounts of HNO as an antifreeze (100). 

Once the target number of samples was defined, the frequency of collection and the number of samples to be collected on each collection date were determined, based on an overall total sampling period of 1 year. The sampling plan specified collection every other week, primarily to accommodate the workload at the analytical laboratories. Sampling had to occur early in the week to preclude problems with shipping samples over the weekend. With these considerations in place, specific dates for collection of commodity samples could readily be set. 

Because of vibrations, power stability, and particularly corrosion, commercial laboratory robotic systems available today would have problems on ships. This problem provides an opportunity for research engineers to develop means to modify some sections of the ship to improve power and platform stability. Environmental constraints of a sea-based system were never factored into the design of today s laboratory robots, but the systems could be modified somewhat to reduce these problems. For now, robots would be most feasible for land-based measurements. In the future, however, robots could be important for at-sea measurements, because continuous or repeated measurements are often made over the course of many days. 

Film imperfections are one of the more serious quality problems for both the producer and the film converter, Film imperfections can arise from many sources. Most commonly, they arc the result of contamination in the reaction system, m posl-reaclor handling, during shipping and unloading, or in the end users equipment. 

Corrosion is a major problem of ships as iron corrodes easily. However, magnesium corrodes more easily than iron. Therefore, a bar of magnesium is attached to the side of a ship. The magnesium bar, instead of the exposed part of the ship, corrodes. This is called sacrificial protection as magnesium is sacrificed to protect the ship. When it is completely corroded, the magnesium bar is replaced. Zinc can also be used for the same purpose. 

The loss of VOCs from soil during sampling, shipping, storage, and even during analysis itself is a well-documented problem. For example, when exposed to air at room temperature, a soil sample will experience a 100 percent reduction in the trichloroethylene concentration within 1 hour (Flewitt 1996). 

Man is responsible for nearly all of the problems caused by aquatic weeds Q). Man has intentionally or imintentionally contributed to the aquatic weed problems. For example, alligatorweed was unintentionally introduced by transport ships to the United States from South America ( ). Waterhyacinth was deliberately introduced as an ornamental plant excessive plants from aquatic gardens were simply discarded in waterways where they reproduced and spread unchecked (5). African salvinia became a nusance aquatic plant after the construction of damns. The lack of natural predators allowed their populations to reach nusiance proportions. 

Antifoulant coatings for ships work by the slow leaching of the toxicant into the water. Copper oxide is used, as well as longer-lasting tributyltin compounds.84 When the ships are in the deep ocean, the tin compound does not cause a problem. However, if they are in port most of the time, as recreational boats are, the metal compounds can kill desirable animals in the harbor. For example, elevated... 

The cases which have been quoted and described here are clear-cut. The major problem for any ship-board physician was that the sailors were subject to a large number of different diseases arising from a variety of causes. These were usually poorly described and therefore it was often difficult or impossible to give a definite diagnosis or to... 

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