Probe markers

Table 1 Effect of Selected Botanical Products on CYP Probe Markers...

All these definitions follow the generally widespread meaning that isotope labeling is the most important one (or at least the most widely u ) and that a covalent bond is necessary for the attachment of a label (reporter molecule, detector, probe, marker, tracer, i.e. other terms having the mining label which can be found in literature). 

Incorporation of fluorine into a biological substrate opens a spectral window for viewmg biomolecular structure and dynamics in solution With mmimal background mletference, fluonne NMR can provide clear spectral information for fluorme conlainmg macromolecules, in contrast to an indecipherable mass of signals from proton or carbon NMR Whether the fluonnated unit is termed a probe, tag, marker, or reporter group, its function is the same to act as a beacon of spectral information... 

Use of probes to define marker loci Probes identify STSs, RFLPs, SNPs, etc thousands, covering all the chromosomes, are now available. It is desirable to flank the gene on both sides, clearly delineating it. 

Most of the molecules introduced in this chapter are hydrophobic. Even those molecules that have been functionalized to improve water-solubility (for example, CCVJ and CCVJ triethyleneglycol ester 43, Fig. 14) contain large hydrophobic structures. In aqueous solutions that contain proteins or other macromolecules with hydrophobic regions, molecular rotors are attracted to these pockets and bind to the proteins. Noncovalent attraction to hydrophobic pockets is associated with restricted intramolecular rotation and consequently increased quantum yield. In this respect, molecular rotors are superior protein probes, because they do not only indicate the presence of proteins (similar to antibody-conjugated fluorescent markers), but they also report a constricted environment and can therefore be used to probe protein structure and assembly. 

Romstad, A., Gasser, R.B., Monti, J.R., Polderman, A.M., Nansen, P., Pit, D.S. and Chilton, N.B. (1997a) Differentiation of Oesophagostomum bifurcumirom Necator americanus by PCR using genetic markers in spacer ribosomal DNA. Molecular Cell Probes 11, 169-176. 

Gasser, R.B. and Hoste, H. (1995) Genetic markers for closely-related parasitic nematodes. Molecular and Cellular Probes 9, 315—320. 

Gasser, RB., Stevenson, L.A., Chilton, N.B., Nansen, P., Bucknell, D.G. and Beveridge, I. (1996c) Species markers for equine strongyles detected in intergenic spacer rDNA by PCR-RFLP. Molecular and Cellubr Probes 10, 371-378. 

Monti, J.R., Chilton, N.B., Qian, B.-Z. and Gasser, R.B. (1998) PCR-based differentiation of Necator americanus from Ancylostoma duodenale using specific markers in ITS-1 rDNA. Molecular and Cellular Probes 12, 71—78. 

Comments There are several suggested controls for this assay, including use of yeast total RNA as a negative control (check for probe species specificity) and a no RNAse control to determine probe stability. In Fig. 6.3A, the positive control marker lane was produced by addition of R-luc-4 sites or F-luc mRNA only to the assay. Also, optimal times for RNAse digestion will vary from probe to probe. In addition, for maximum sensitivity a probe with high specific activity is preferable (yet still in molar excess to the mRNA). 

Roshchina V.V. (2005b). Allelochemicals as fluorescent markers, dyes and probes. 

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