Principles of magnetic resonance

One of the most widely used and helpful forms of spectroscopy, and a technique that has transformed the practice of chemistry, biochemistry, and medicine, makes use of an effect that is familiar from classical physics. When two pendulums are joined by the sameslightly flexible support and one is set in motion, the other is forced into oscillation by the motion of the common axle, and energy flows between the two. The energy transfer occurs most efficiently when the frequencies of the two oscillators are identical. The condition of strong effective coupling when the frequencies are identical is called resonance, and the excitation energy is said to resonate between the coupled oscillators. 

Resonance is the basis of a number of everyday phenomena, including the response of radios to the weak oscillations of the electromagnetic field generated by a distant transmitter. Historically, spectroscopic techniques that measure transitions between nuclear and electron spin states have carried the term resonance in their names because they have depended on matching a set of energy levels to a source of monochromatic radiation and observing the strong absorption that occurs at resonance. 

A growing number of structures of biopolymers are now determined by NMR. So powerful is the technique that a clever variation, known as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), makes possible the spectroscopic characterization of living tissue and has become a major diagnostic tool in medicine. 

The application of resonance that we describe here depends on the fact that electrons and many nuclei possess spin angular momentum (Table 13.1). An electron in a magnetic field can take two orientations, corresponding to nis = +j (denoted a or T) and nis=- (denoted p or 1). A nucleus with nuclear spin quantum number I (the analog of s for electrons and that can be an integer or a half-integer) may take 27-1-1 different orientations relative to an arbitrary axis. These orientations are distinguished by the quantum number mj, which can take on the values nti=I, 7-1. -7. A proton has 7= (the same spin as an electron) and can adopt either of two orientations (mi = + and— ). A N nucleus has 7=1 and can adopt any of 

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Siichter C P 1990 Principles of Magnetic Resonance (Beriin Springer)... 

C. P. Shchter, Principles of Magnetic Resonance, Springer-Vedag, Berlin, 1980. 

As a basis for subsequent discussion, we begin with a brief outline of relevant aspects of the normal n.m.r. experiment in which an assembly of nuclei with half-integral spins is observed (for a fuller treatment of the basic principles of magnetic resonance, see e.g. Carrington and MoLaohlan, 1967). 

Ernst, R. R. Bodenhausen, G. Wokaun, A Principles of Magnetic Resonance in One and Two Dimensions, Clarendon Press, New York, 1987. 

Slichter CP (1990) Principles of magnetic resonance. Springer series in solid-state sciences. Springer, Berlin... 

Slichter, C.P. (1980). Principles of Magnetic Resonance. Springer-Verlag, New York, p. 313. Souiri, M., A. Goltzene, and C. Schwab (1987). Phys. Status Solidi B 142, 271. 

Slichter, C. P. "Principles of Magnetic Resonance" Springer, New York, 1980. 

Zhi-Pei, L. Lauterbur, P. C. Principles of Magnetic Resonance Imaging -, IEEE Press, 2000. 

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Slichter, C.P., Principles of Magnetic Resonance. 2nd Edition, Springer, Berlin, 1978. 

R. Kubo and K. Tomita, J. Phys. Soc. Japan 9, 888 (1954) C.P. Slichter, Principles of Magnetic Resonance (Harper and Row, New York 1963) R. Lenk, Brownian Motion and Spin Relaxation (Elsevier, Amsterdam 1977). 

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