Principles of Dyeing

Basically there are three methods of dyeing textiles  

1) Mass dyeing dyeing of a synthetic polymer before fiber formation. 

2) Pigment dyeing affixing an insoluble colorant on the fiber surface with a binder. 

3) Exhaustion dyeing from an aqueous bath with dyes that have an affinity for 

In exhaustion dyeing, the dye, which is at least partially soluble in the dyebath, is transported to the fiber surface by motion of the dye liquor or the textile. It is then adsorbed on the fiber surface and diffuses into the fiber. Finally, depending on the dye-fiber interaction, it is fixed chemically or physically. The dye can be applied to the textile discontinuously from a dilute solution (exhaustion dyeing from a long liquor) or continuously by immersing the textile in a concentrated bath and squeezing-off excess liquor (padding), followed by separate steps for diffusion and fixation in the fiber. 

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Since a monograph on dye lasers has been published very recently 3>, in this section a brief treatment of only the principles of dye laser operation and the main differences between solid-state and dye lasers will be presented. In addition, the latest progress in the field will be reported. 

FIGURE 1. The operating principles of dye-sensitized solar cells. 

Editions subsequent to the first (up to the seventh edition, published in Vienna in 1947) were expanded considerably in collaboration with L. Blangey. The main aim was always to explain the fundamental principles of dye chemistry to the student and, since it was the endeavor of the authors to write a laboratory book and not an encyclopedia, in general only simple examples were given in this work. The preface to the first edition indicated that the processes described were perhaps not the best, but that by following the instructions exactly the results stated would be obtained. In dye chemistry, as is well known, many roads lead to the same goal. 

Two dry film resists designed to address the needs of the laser direct-write applications for PCBs and PWBs are Riston LUV and Riston LV , developed by Dupont, and are reported to be sensitive to the UV and visible emission of argon lasers. In particular, Riston LV is based on the principles of dye-sensitized polymerization (presented earlier). 

Bradford, M. M. (1976) A rapid and sensitive method for the quantification of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of dye-bmding, Anal. Biochem. 76, 248-254. 

The Working Principles of Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSCs)... 

Schultheiss S., Yariv E., Reisfeld R., Breur H.D. Solid state dyes laso rhodamines in silica-zirconia materials. Photochem. Photobiol. Dvi. 2002 1(5) 320-323 Schmidt H. Thin films, the chemical processing up to gelation. In Chemistry Spectroscopy and Applications of Sol-Gel Glasses. Struct. Bond. 1992 77 119-152 Schafer F.P. Principles of dye operation. In Topics in Applied Physics, Vol. 1, Springer-Verlag, 1990 pp. 1-87... 

F. P. Schafer Principles of Dye Laser Operation. -B. B. Snavely Continuous-Wave Dye Lasers. -C V. Shank, E. P. Ippen Mode-Locking of Dye Lasers. -K.H. Drexhage SiniciUTQm6 Properties of Laser Dyes. - T. W. Hansch Applications of Dye Lasers. - FP Schafer Progress in Dye Lasers September 1973 till March 1977. 

Thus dye lasers have led to an enormous increase in activity in many areas of atomic physics. In the sections which follow we will briefly discuss the principles of dye laser operation and the construction of some typical laser systems. We will then consider a few of the recent applications of these devices to atomic spectroscopy. Further information on dye lasers and their spectroscopic applications is contained in the excellent collections of review articles edited by Schafer (1973), Walther (1976) and Shimoda (1976). 

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