Principles Mass Dyeing

Fig. 4 Right Principle of resonance ionization spectroscopy. Three tunable pulsed Dye lasers are used to stepwize excite and ionize the atom. The effective cross-sections are indicated for the different transitions in cm2. Left Layout of a laser ion source for on-line mass separators.

Stabilized shapes resulting from such a procedure are illustrated by a typical grouted mass shown in Fig. 13.12. The lumpy surface is typical of grouted masses in which the gel time is a small fraction of the total pumping time. The mechanism at work during this process is not obvious, and much laboratory and field experimentation was performed to explain the process. One of the most lucid illustrations of the principles involved resulted from a group of experiments in which dye was used to detect the sequential location of the various portions of the total grout volume. One of these experiments will be described in detail. 

Test strips, which are available for the determination of about ten low-molecular mass substances (metabolites, drugs, and electrolytes) and eight enzymes [356], can be considered as precursors of optoelectronic biosensors. Efficient optoelectronic sensors based on immobilized dyes have been devised for the determination of glucose, urea, penicillin, and human serum albumin [357]. Other approaches use immobilized luciferase or horseradish peroxidase to assay ATP or NADH or, when coupled with oxidases, to measure uric acid or cholesterol. These principles have not yet been generally accepted for use in routine analysis. Thermistor devices involving immobilized enzymes or antibodies for a number of clinically relevant substances have also been described. Thermometric enzyme linked immunosorbent assays are being routinely employed for monitoring the production of monoclonal antibodies. 

Hoffman and MuelleP developed a simple mathematical model that includes a uniform flow through a package and Fickian diffusion of a dye within the fibre. The distribution of a dye within the package and the degree of levelness are calculated under a simplified condition. In their study, authors used the mass conservation principle within the package, which connects the convection of the dye by the liquor flow and its diffusion into the fibre. This was written in the following form ... 

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