Principal Strategies

In the methods surveyed here, a specific interaction between target and ligand is created and then preserved so that the target can be identified. Two of the three approaches reviewed depend on forming a covalent bond between the molecular partners, but the first does not. 

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D self-assembly of metal nanoparticles requires special conditions since 3D growth of any kind of material is preferred. Two principal strategies to generate 2D organizations of metal nanoparticles have been developed during the last 1-2 decades true self-assembly, guided self-assembly and aimed structures. 

The two principal strategies detailed above for reducing the field strength of diimine systems have also been effectively adapted to bring the field strength of tridentate terimine systems into the crossover region. 

The principal strategies of cofactor regeneration - namely the enzymatic, chemical and electrochemical approach - are presented in Scheme 43.2 and have been reviewed recently [17, 21-23]. This chapter does not intend to be exhaustive rather, it focuses on the systems where a transition-metal complex and... 

Scheme 43.2 Principal strategies of cofactor regeneration (En production enzyme E2 regeneration enzyme).

One of the key components of any green industrial process has to be the selection of the solvent, since working with conventional solvents results in the emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), a major source of environmental pollution (see Figure 5.4). There are four principal strategies to avoid conventional organic solvents ... 

Fig. 1 Principal strategies for the selective ring opening of (3-lactams...

The treatment of patients with AIDS and individuals infected by HIV is continually being modified as new drugs become available and more information is gained about the nature of the AIDS virus. Currently, the pharmacologic management of HIV-infected patients consists of two principal strategies (1) controlling the proliferation and effects of HIV in individuals infected with this virus and (2) treatment and prevention of various opportunistic infections that... 

In the literature there are various routes to carry enzyme immobilization creating a bound on supports, the principal strategies are based on chemical grafting or molecular recognition on porous supports. The sites involved in this chemistry are generally carboxylic add, hydroxyls, amino or quaternary ammonium groups, which are created on the surface of porous material by various means, like direct chemical surface treatment or plasma or UV activation. 

For oxygen-sensitive systems, anaerobic stopped-flow techniques are required. The anaerobic kit is available from some stopped-flow companies. Two principal strategies are commonly used either solutions and instruments are cleansed of oxygen and manipulated in a way that excludes oxygen from the experiment, or the instrument and all solutions are kept in an anaerobic chamber. 

Koch T, Oerum, H. Locked nucleic acids. In Antisense Drug Technologies Principals, Strategies, and Applications. 2nd edition. 

As might be expected, the transformation of a pesticide can generate products with sorption characteristics—and thus aqueous mobilities— that are substantially different from those of the parent compound. (Indeed, one of the principal strategies employed by living organisms for... 

Therefore three principal strategies for handling the effluents of the LC-columns were under research 1. Removal of solvent by vaporization and subsequent ionisation of the analytes first led to the moving-belt interface which, later, was followed by the development of particle beam ionisation. 2. Direct ionisation was the basic principle of the continuous flow-FAB interface, whereas 3. nebuliza-tion of the column effluent was the basic principle of DLI, TSP, APCI or ESI ionisation [1]. 

One of the principal strategies in support of NSF s goals is to foster integration of research and education through the programs, projects, and activities it supports at academic and research institutions. These institutions provide abundant opportunities where individuals may concurrently assume responsibilities as researchers, educators, and... 

Figure 2 Principal strategies for the formation of well-defineci inorganic nanostmctures using viral capsids. For simplicity, each method is shown for an icosahedral virus. (a,b) Metal ions or clusters can bind electrostatically to either (a) the inside, or (b) the outside of virus capsids. The high local concentration of inorganic material can serve as a nucleation point for (a) a nanoparticle constrained by the capsid dimensions or (b) a shell covering the exterior capsid surface, (c) Capsid monomers can bind directly to a nanoparticle surface and use it as a nucleation site for assembling an intact capsid, (d) DNA complementary to the viral RNA can be attached to a nanoparticle. Binding the native capsid RNA then allows nucleation of the protein monomers and their subsequent assembly into a full capsid.

This chapter demonstrated that LC mesophases with complex architectures were rationally designed and prepared for the solubilization and potential administration of bioactive molecules. It was shown that comprehensive understanding of the structural properties of the carriers is imperative for rational and successful tailoring of delivery vehicles. The principal strategy was to first characterize the different levels of organization of these special materials and then to explore the detailed relationships and possible correlations between them, their structures, and the macroscopic properties. 

In this chapter, we describe the recent trends in the field of electrochemical biodevices exploring the principal strategies utilized in the last years to improve signal response of enzymatic biocatalysis and describe briefly the electrochemical characteristics of several nanomaterials when utilized in modified electrodes. The fabrication of nanoelectrodes by some techniques is also explored in this chapter. In addition, we will discuss the many efforts in order to detect specific molecules in vitro and in vivo and recent advances in the development of implantable biosensors. 

The principal strategy to prevent an accident after the blow-out occurs becomes the handling skill of the operator. 

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