Primary n-Amyl Alcohol

Table 6.87 Physical Properties of Primary n-Amyl Alcohol (31)...

Synonyms Active amyl alcohol Active primary amyl alcohol Amyl alcohol, active dl-s-Butylcarbinol s-Butyl carbinol 2-Methyl butanol 2-Methyl butanol-1 2-Methyl-n-butanol ( )-2-Methyl-1-butanol 2-Methylbutyl alcohol Primary active amyl alcohol Classification Primary aliphatic alcohol Empirical C5H12O Formula CH3CH2CH(CH3)CH20H Properties Colorless liq. sour sharp odor m.w. 88.15 very sol. in acetone sol. in alcohols, ether si. sol. in water m.w. 88.15 dens. 0.816 (20 C) vapor pressure 2.0 mm Hg (20 C) f.p. < -70 C b.p. 128 C flash pt. (TCC) 43 C surf. tens. 25.7 dynes/cm (20 C)... 

Primary ammonium phosphate. See Ammonium phosphate Primary amyl acetate. See Amyl acetate Primary amyl alcohol. See n-Amyl alcohol Primary decyl alcohol. See Decyl alcohol Primary isoamyl alcohol. See Isoamyl alcohol Primary magnesium phosphate. See Magnesium phosphate monobasic Primary octyl alcohol. See Caprylic alcohol Primary sodium phosphate. See Sodium phosphate... 

The above simple process cannot be applied to the preparation of the homo-logues a higher temperature is requir (di-n-amyl ether, for example, boils at 169°) and, under these conditions, alkene formation predominates, leading ultimately to carbonisation and the production of sulphur dioxide. If, however, the water is largely removed by means of a special device (see Fig. Ill, 57,1) as soon as it is formed, good 300 of ethers may be obtained from primary alcohols, for example ... 

Gerrard [11] had shown earlier that the slow addition of 0.5 mole of thionyl chloride to a mixture of pyridine (1.0 mole) and hydroxy compounds (n-butyl, M-amyl, or ethyl lactate—0.1 mole) gives pyridine hydrochloride and good yields of the sulfite (see Eq. 4). Primary and secondary alcohols with an aromatic nucleus in the a-position give chlorides in the absence of catalysts [12], For example, diphenylmethanol gives the chloride even at —78°C. Sulfites derived from tertiary alcohols are not known. The further addition of thionyl chloride converted the sulfite to the chlorosulfinate (see Eq. 5 and Table I). 

Isobutanol use in the manufacture of zinc dialkyl dithiophosphates (ZDDP), anti-wear lube oil additives, represented 13 percent of domestic consumption. Other alcohols used in this application include methylamyl alcohol, primary amyl,alcohol, n-butanol, 2-ethylhexanol and isooctanol. 

In order to effect complete dissolution of starch at temperatures below 100°, Bauer and Pacsu recommended the use either of dilute alkali or of dilute acid solutions. Accoixling to their so-called alkali process, defatted corn starch is dissolved in 0.5 to 1.0 N alkali at room temperature. Sufficient mineral acid is added to the resulting solution to bring its pH within the limits of 10-4. After saturation with (for example) Pentasol (a mixture of primary amyl alcohols), the system is heated for several minutes at a temperature between 60° and 100° on cooling, an amylose precipitate is obtained which can readily be separated in an ordinary, industrial centrifuge. Addition of excess methanol to the supernatant liquor causes precipitation of the amylopectin. Different kinds of starches can be fractionated by this method. Starch concentrations of up to 5% are claimed to give about a 24% yield of amylose (showing an iodine value of 16.0%) and a 76% yield of amylopectin (with a 0.9% iodine absorption). 

Separation.—Lithium may be separated from the other members of the alkali family by the. solubility of (he chloride in amyl alcohol, pyridine, primary isohut,yl alcohol or aliso-lute ethyl uleohol by tin insolubility of tin carbonate or of the phosphate in the presence of ammonia and ethyl alcohol by the solubility of the filmsiliiutte. Lithium may lie separated 3 from sodunil by precipitation of Nnf l from a solution of the perchlorates in anhydrous n-lmtyl alcohol by addition of an alcoholic solution of H( l. 

The lower alcohols are liquids with low boiling points. Methanol, ethanol and propanol are all miscible with water but n-butanol is only soluble 1 part in 10 in water and amyl alcohol is immiscible with water. If the surface area of the hydrocarbon chain of the alcohol is decreased, then water solubility will increase. Thus the order of water solubility for the primary, secondary and tertiary butyl alcohols is t-butanol > butanol-2-ol > n-butanol (Fig. 5.3) t-butanol is freely soluble in water. The properties of some alcohols are shown in Table 5.1. 

The above is a general procedure for preparing trialkyl orthophosphates. Similar yields are obtained for trimethyl phosphate, b.p. 62°/5 mm. triethyl phosphate, b.p. 75-5°/5 mm. tri-n-propyl phosphate, b.p. 107-5°/5 mm. tri-Mo-propyl phosphate, b.p. 83-5°/5 mm. tri-wo-butyl phosphate, b.p. 117°/5-5 mm. and tri- -amyl phosphate, b.p. 167-5°/5 mm. The alkyl phosphates are excellent alkylating agents for primary aromatic amines (see Section IV,41) they can also be ua for alkylating phenols (compare Sections IV,104-105). Trimethyl phosphate also finds application as a methylating agent for aliphatie alcohols (compare Section 111,58). 

Preventol CMK, see p-Chloro-/n-cresol Preventol I, see 2,4,5-Trichlorophenol Priltox, see Pentachlorophenol Primary amyl acetate, see Amyl acetate Primary isoamyl alcohol, see Isoamyl alcohol Primary isobutyl alcohol, see Isoamyl alcohol Prioderm, see Malathion Prist, see Methyl cellosolve Profume A, see Chloropicrin Profume R 40B1, see Methyl bromide Prokarbol, see 4,6-Dinitro-o-cresol... 

Ucar Phenoxy Resin PKHH, Ucar Phenoxy Resin PKHM-301. See Phsnoxy rssin Ucar Primary Amyl Acetate. See Amyl acotato Ucar 1-Propanol. See Propyl alcohol Ucar n-Propyl Acetate. See Propyl acctato Ucar n-Propyl Propionate. See Propyl propionato... 

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