Primary electrode array

Fig. 11.8 Schematic of the automated primary high-throughput electrochemical workflow employed at Symyx Technologies for the combinatorial development of new fuel cell catalysts. Individual steps of the workflow include choice of catalyst concept, design of appropriate materials library using Library Studio [31], synthesis of electrocatalyst library on electrode array wafer, XRD and EDX characterization of individual electrocatalysts before screening, high-throughput parallel electrochemical screening of library, XRD and EDX characterization of catalysts after screening, data processing and evaluation.

Hogberg HT, Sobanski T, Novellino A, Whelan M, Weiss DC, Bal-Price AK (2011) Application of micro-electrode arrays (MEAs) as an emerging technology for developmental neurotoxicity evaluation of domoic acid-induced effects in primary cultures of rat cortical neurons. Neurotoxicology 32 158-168... 

Suner S, Fellows MR, Vargas-Irwin C (2005) Reliability of signals from a chronically implanted, silicon-based electrode array in non-human primate primary motor cortex. IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering 13 524-541. 

To illustrate the primary effects of adatom addition, single-crystal electrodes are discussed here. Feliu and Herrero have extensively studied formic acid electrooxidation on Pt single-crystal substrates modified with an array of various adatoms. They have established a connection between the electronegativity of the adatoms in relation to Pt and the type of active enhancement mechanism incurred as a function of adatom coverage [42]. Their results support inhibition of the indirect pathway on Pt(lll) terraces and they have demonstrated that COads formation occurs at step and defect sites. For Pt(l 11) substrates decorated with electropositive adatoms, such as Bi, Pb, Sb, and Te, the electronic enhancement is extended to the second or third Pt atom shell from the adatom. While for electronegative adatoms, in respect to Pt, the third-body effect dominates with increased coverages, such as S and Se. 

Dissolution of the membrane material exposes arrays of cylinders that are attached at one end to a conductive electrode. Template synthesis can be used to prepare size-monodisperse particles or cyhndrical wires that are up to 50 pm in length and 15 ran to 5.0 pm in diameter. Template synthesis is the most popular method for preparing nanostructures of various materials using electrodeposition. Its primary disadvantage is that commercial templates are usually less than 50 pm in thickness and this places an upper limit on the length of the nanowires that can be obtained. 

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