Primary disintegration

Since, if once formed, it would be impossible for them to be oxidised away in accordance with equations (n), (m), or (vi), their detection and isolation would be an easy matter, and hence it may be postulated that under normal conditions of slow combustion the methane is not first dissociated into its constituent elements. It is equally clear that the carbon monoxide and water which were always found when the supply of oxygen was insufficient to completely oxidise the methane, are two of the primary disintegration products of the partial oxidation of the methane molecule at these temperatures, for these are too low for reaction (vi) to take place. 

Graphite will creep imder neutron irradiation and stress at temperatures where thermal creep is normally negligible. The phenomenon of irradiation creep has been widely studied because of its significance to the operation of graphite moderated fission reactors. Indeed, if irradiation induced stresses in graphite moderators could not relax via radiation creep, rapid core disintegration would result. The observed creep strain has traditionally been separated into a primary reversible component ( ,) and a secondary irreversible component (Ej), both proportional to stress and to the appropriate unirradiated elastic compliance (inverse modulus) [69]. The total irradiation-induced creep strain (ej is thus ... 

As the temperature increases from ambient to the critical point, the electrolytic conductance of water rises sharply and is almost independent of the pressure. Macroscopically, this is due to the decrease in water viscosity over this range. The primary cause for the fall in viscosity is a disintegration of water clusters. 

Within the realm of physical reality, and most important in pharmaceutical systems, the unconstrained optimization problem is almost nonexistent. There are always restrictions that the formulator wishes to place or must place on a system, and in pharmaceuticals, many of these restrictions are in competition. For example, it is unreasonable to assume, as just described, that the hardest tablet possible would also have the lowest compression and ejection forces and the fastest disintegration time and dissolution profile. It is sometimes necessary to trade off properties, that is, to sacrifice one characteristic for another. Thus, the primary objective may not be to optimize absolutely (i.e., a maxima or minima), but to realize an overall pre selected or desired result for each characteristic or parameter. Drug products are often developed by teaching an effective compromise between competing characteristics to achieve the best formulation and process within a given set of restrictions. 

In trials with wood since 1910, several researchers did notice pyrolytic heat release, but others found the reaction endothermic. The contradictions can be explained with different sizes of the samples. It is believed that primary pyrolysis volatiles interact in secondary, exothermic reactions catalyzed by the solid residue. Long residence times of the volatiles in the disintegrating material favor secondary reactions, of course. Residence times are indeed long in large and in slowly disintegrating samples, in which the volatiles have a long path to the surface and migrate out slowly. 

Theoretical Considerations. A droplet generated in the primary atomization may be unstable and may further disintegrate... 

Disintegration of Ligaments into Primary Membranous Fragments and Spheroid Droplets... 

NOTE Activities are reported as disintegrations per minute/gram carbon (dpm/gC). The natural-level abundances are based on the activity of oxalic acid (NIST SRM 4990) and use the 5730 year half-life of 14c (Karlen et al., 1964). The productivity work abundance is based on published JGOFS protocols for measuring primary productivity (Karl et al., 1996). ... 

The structure of the rice root is therefore apparently dominated by the need for internal gas transport. On the face of it, this structure may conflict with the needs for efficient nutrient absorption (Kirk and Bouldin, 1991). The development of gas-impermeable layers in the root wall seems likely to impair the ability of those parts of the root to absorb nutrients, and the disintegration of the cortex might impair transport from the apoplasm to the main solute transport vessels in the stele, though these points are uncertain (Drew and Saker, 1986 Kronzucker et al, 1998a). It seems likely that the short fine lateral roots are responsible for the bulk of the nutrient absorption by the root system and compensate for any impairment of nutrient absorption by the primary roots as a result of adaptations for internal aeration. 

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