Primary comparisons

The Interventional Management of Stroke (IMS I) Study was a multicenter, open-labeled, single-arm pilot study in which 80 patients (median NIHSS 18) were enrolled to receive IV rt-PA (0.6 mg/kg, 60 mg maximum, 15% of the dose as a bolus with the remainder administered over 30 minutes) within 3 hours of stroke onset (median time to initiation 140 minutes). " Additional rt-PA was subsequently administered via a microcatheter at the site of the thrombus in 62 of the 80 patients, up to a total dose of 22 mg over 2 hours of infusion or until complete recanalization. Primary comparisons were with similar subsets of the placebo and rt-PA-treated subjects from the NINDS rt-PA Stroke Trial. The 3-month mortality in IMS I subjects (16%) was numerically lower but not statistically different than the mortality of the placebo (24%) or rt-PA-treated subjects (21%) in the NINDS rt-PA Stroke Trial. The rate of symptomatic ICH (6.3%) in IMS I subjects was similar to that of the rt-PA-treated subjects (6.6%) but higher than the rate in the... 

To evaluate toxicity of substances causing stochastic responses, the primary comparison is responses in exposed animals relative to responses in contemporary matched controls. Historical... 

Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) with treatment, subject (nested within sequence) and period as main factors were performed for Cmax and AUCo-inf. The 90% confidence intervals of the point estimates of the ratio of Cmax and AUCo-inf, and of the difference between treatments for tmax were determined. Pairwise comparisons to treatment A were made with treatment A versus treatment B being the primary comparison. 

The final stage in any polymorphic simulation is to check the reliability of the simulated data. This can be achieved by comparing a variety of data, e.g., density, lattice energies, etc. With the advent of reliable software, a simulated diffraction pattern is now used as the primary comparison with the experimental data. Prior research has shown that computer simulations can successfully predict the structure of an unknown polymorph or determine the potential for polymorphisim (37). 

Reproducibility (or transferability) is the analysis of the same sample between labs, in which a homogeneous sample is analyzed by multiple labs with one lab serving as the primary comparison lab. A reproducibility study generally focuses on bias between labs, besides precision. One strives for a bias that is within defined acceptable limits. 

In conclusion for current discussion of multiple comparisons (discussions wiU resume in Chap. 5), it is not appropriate statistical practice to conduct many tests, find one statistically significant result, and present this lone result as a noteworthy finding. It is particularly not appropriate to present this result in the spirit that this is something that was anticipated before the study was conducted (i.e., that this was identified a priori as a comparison of interest). If a situation occurs in which one of many tests is significant, and it is believed that the result is biologically plausible and worthy of further investigation, a subsequent trial needs to be conducted, and this comparison needs to be identified in the study protocol as the primary comparison of interest. 

Varley D F and Dagdigian P J 1996 Product state resolved study of the Cl + (CH3)3 CD reaction comparison of the dynamics of abstraction of primary vs tertiary hydrogens J. Phys. Chem. 100 4365-74... 

However, ia some cases, the answer is not clear. A variety of factors need to be taken iato consideration before a clear choice emerges. Eor example, UOP s Molex and IsoSiv processes are used to separate normal paraffins from non-normals and aromatics ia feedstocks containing C —C2Q hydrocarbons, and both processes use molecular sieve adsorbents. However, Molex operates ia simulated moving-bed mode ia Hquid phase, and IsoSiv operates ia gas phase, with temperature swiag desorption by a displacement fluid. The foUowiag comparison of UOP s Molex and IsoSiv processes iadicates some of the primary factors that are often used ia decision making ... 

Fig. 19. Comparison of the predictions of k-e model and experimental data for a confined swirling flow, (a) Flow configuration where 4. is the primary inlet, D = 25 mm, and B is the secondary inlet, = 31 mm, = 59 mm and the step height, H = 31.5 mm. (b) Predicted and measured streamline values where r/H is the ratio of the radial distance from the centerline to the step height.

The metallic salts of trifluoromethanesulfonic acid can be prepared by reaction of the acid with the corresponding hydroxide or carbonate or by reaction of sulfonyl fluoride with the corresponding hydroxide. The salts are hydroscopic but can be dehydrated at 100°C under vacuum. The sodium salt has a melting point of 248°C and decomposes at 425°C. The lithium salt of trifluoromethanesulfonic acid [33454-82-9] CF SO Li, commonly called lithium triflate, is used as a battery electrolyte in primary lithium batteries because solutions of it exhibit high electrical conductivity, and because of the compound s low toxicity and excellent chemical stabiUty. It melts at 423°C and decomposes at 430°C. It is quite soluble in polar organic solvents and water. Table 2 shows the electrical conductivities of lithium triflate in comparison with other lithium electrolytes which are much more toxic (24). 

Ketones oxidize about as readily as the parent hydrocarbons or even a bit faster (32). Although the reactivities of hydrogens on carbons adjacent to carbonyl groups are perhaps doubled, the effect is small because one methylene group is missing in comparison to the parent hydrocarbon. Ketones oxidize less readily than similar primary or secondary alcohols (35). 

Recovered copper in electronic scrap (old) is small in comparison representing about 14,000 t/yr of copper from 68,000 t/yr of waste (25). Electronic scrap accounts for iron (27,000 t), tin (14,000 t), nickel, lead, and aluminum (6,800 t each), and zinc (3,500 t). Precious metal value, which is the primary economic reason for the reclamation of electronic waste, accounts for 345 t of gold, twice that in silver, and some palladium. 

As a general rule the sulfenamides exhibit faster cure rate than the thiazoles. If secondary accelerators are used, dithiocarbamates are scorchiest and give the fastest cure followed by the thiurams, then the guanidines. Figure 6 summarizes these comparisons to show a series of natural mbber (NR) recipes using either a thiazole (MBTS) or sulfenamide (TBBS) primary accelerator in combination with the various secondary accelerators (21). In this study, the initial primary accelerator levels were selected to produce nearly equivalent modulus or state of cure in the NR. 

Fig. 6. Comparison of secondary accelerators where represents Mooney scorch at 121°C and U, optimum (t90) at 153°C A, the primary accelerator is 0.75 phr MBTS and the secondary accelerator is at 0.25 phr B, 0.45 phr TBBS is the primary accelerator and there is 0.2 phr secondary accelerator.

---