Primary blood mononuclear cells

PAS Periodic acid-SchiflF reagent PBA Polyclonal B cell activators PBC Primary biliary cirrhosis PBL Peripheral blood lymphocytes PBMC Peripheral blood mononuclear cells PBN N- e f-butyl-a-phenylnitrone PBS Phosphate-buffered saline PC Phosphatidylcholine... 

For primary isolation of HIV, patient peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) are collected, the usual inoculum being 106-107 cells. This is the most productive specimen, although virus has been cultured from plasma, semen, tears, saliva, breast milk, and brain tissue. The virus can be cultured from patient specimens at any time in the course of disease, during which the titer changes. Blood contains approximately 60 TCID50% (50% tissue culture infective dose) per milliliter when a person is asymptomatic, and about 7000TCID50/ml in later stages of HIV disease. 

Although cell lines are often used in preclinical studies, it is also important to test a compound on primary cells from the target tissue itself. Because this tissue must be taken from healthy, human volunteers, such tissue is often difficult to obtain in sufficient quantities for many types of assays that require large numbers of cells. In Figure 7.9, normal peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from four unrelated, healthy donors were treated... 

As lymphocytes, monocytes, and macrophages are the primary targets for viral infection, the penetration of antiviral agents is important. Lymphocytes and monocytes are indicated as peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). The preparation of control PBMC from blood was reported in considerable detail by Jemal et al. [38], In addition, a validated assay for the determination of ATA in PBMC was developed. The determination of protease inhibitors in hmnan PBMC was reported by several groups [39-40]. After LLE, the analytes were analysed by LC-MS. Both methods enable the intra-cellular determination of the analytes and can be applied for TDM and pharmacokinetic studies. 

Morner A, Bjorndal A, Leandersson AC et al. CCR5 or CXCR4 is required for efficient infection of peripheral blood mononuclear cells by promiscuous human immunodeficiency virus type 2 primary isolates. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2002 18(3) 193-200. 

Haller, D., Blum, S., Bode, C., Hammes, W.P., and Schiffrin, E.J. 2000. Activation of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells by nonpathogenic bacteria in vitro evidence of NK cells as primary targets. Ir ect Irrunun, 68(2) 752-759. 

Although activity in cellular systems is a primary source of information about species selectivity, data from Hu et al. (1995) suggest that IFNs do not obey strict rules of species specificity in vitro. These investigators tested the ability of IFN-aza and IFN-p to prevent infection by vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) in a variety of cell types from various species. They foimd IFNs are partially effective in many cell lines, although this may depend more on the type of cell or tissue than on the species. IFN-P partially protects RK13 kidney cells from mfection by VSV this has not been seen with rabbit peripheral blood mononuclear cells (Oka et al., 1992), although there have been reports of IFN-P activity in rabbits in vivo (Kawasaki et al., 1992). The relatively low in vivo activities seen with human IFN-p in other species therefore may be due to differential receptor expression on different cell types. These results highlight the need to perform confirmatory in vivo studies. 

No specific clinical laboratory abnormalities occur in primary OA. The ESR may be slightly elevated in patients with generalized or erosive inflammatory OA. The rheumatoid factortest is negative. Analysis of the synovial fluid reveals fluid with high viscosity. This fluid demonstrates a mild leukocytosis (less than 2,000 white blood cells/mm3) with predominantly mononuclear cells. 

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