Primary blast

Several factors affect the structural performance of a building or other structure subjected to explosion loadings (Ref. 71). These factors relate to the nature of the blast wave and the structural characteristics of the building components. The primary blast wave and stmctural factors are as follows ... 

Usually these secondary parameters can be determined from the primary blast wave parameters as discussed below. 

Fig 3 Biomedical Criteria for Primary Blast Effects on Humans... 

Primadet = mild detonating fuse (USA) 218 primary blast 267 primary explosives 191 267 primer 94 267 primer charge 267 produits de detonation = fumes 145 progressive burnig 158 267 projectile forming (shaped) charge 283... 

A blast that loosens the rock of ore from its original or natural location in the ground. A secondary blast may be used to reduce the rocks from the primary blast to smaller size for ease of handling. 

Blasting to reduce the size of boulders resulting from a primary blast... 

All injuries that are the result of an explosion are categorized as primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary blast injuries. Casualties with primary blast injuries are a direct result of the blast wave from HEs. The... 

Penetrating and blunt traumatic injuries that occur as the result of an explosion are similar to those associated with other mechanisms of injury. Primary blast injuries present unique situations and affect selected body systems. Every body system may be affected following an explosion and subsequent blast wave, the associated injuries and their care are discussed in a head-to-toe manner. 

Discuss the primary blast injuries in relation to body systems. 

Secondary breaking is required when boulders are produced which are too large to load or to feed into the crushing plant, and when toes are left by primary blasting. Over-sized boulders are broken by three techniques — hydraulic hammers, drop-balls and secondary blasting. 

The emission of noise from primary blasting is best limited by good blasting practices (see section 4.3.4). The use of down-the-hole initiation coupled with adequate stemming, helps to contain the gases produced by the explosion and to reduce sound levels. TTie use of unconfined explosive, or explosive cord, should be avoided wherever possible. 

Primary blasts inevitably produce ground vibration. The level of vibration can be controlled by introducing delays (e.g. of 25 milli-seconds) between initiating the... 

Primary blasting is used to fragment naturally occurring rock (compare with secondary blasting). 

Kardinal, C., Konkol, B., Schulz, A., Posern, G., lin, H., Adermann, K., Eulitz, M., Estrov, Z., Talpaz, M., Arlinghaus, R. B., and Feller, S. M. (2000). Cell-penetrating SH3 domain blocker peptides inhibit proliferation of primary blast cells from CML patients. FASEB J. 14, 1529-1538. 

Explosions can cause injury by the primary blast wave and heat (primary injury), by the shrapnel thrown by the blast (secondary injury), or by the blast victim being thrown against a fixed object (tertiary injury). 

Nakagawa, A, Manley, G.T., Gean, A.D., et al., 2011. Mechanisms of primary blast-induced traumatic brain injury insights from shock-wave research. J. Neurotrauma 28 (6), 1101-1119. 

Hue, C.D., Cao, S., Haider, S.R, et al, 2013. Blood-brain barrier dysfunction after primary blast injury in vitro. J. Neurotr. 30, 1652-1663. 

Bare charges, e.g. booby traps Small improvised devices (<10 kg) detonated by wire or rodio device Primary blast and characteristically fragment injuries... 

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