Prices/pricing

Economics, See also Capital entries Cost entries Earnings Financial entries Manufacturing costs Oil prices Price Prices/pricing... 

Metal or alloy Purity Price Price Price... 

Manufacturing Cost as a Basis for Product Pricing Pricing on the basis of cost plus a fair profit has the disadvantage of ignoring demand. The modern approach is to price on the basis of market research. However, the classic cost-phis-fair-profit approach can still give useful complementary information. This can be done by any of the following three methods ... 

Stuck-ofen, m. high bloomery furnace, -preis, m. piece price, price by the piece, -schlacke, /. lump slag, -waren, f.pl. piece goods, -wasche, /. piece scouring or washing, stiickweise, adv. piece by piece, piecemeal by retail. 

Cost Because of the flexibility, labs are able to shop around for the best pricing. Pricing is set by the vendor. 

Cost(s). See also Economics Prices/pricing Investment costs Manufacturing costs Total cost assessment (TCA) of barley and malt, 15 534 electric furnace, 12 313-314 electricity, 12 533 of engineering thermoplastics, 10 222-223... 

Prevetol A4, biocide for antifouling coatings, 7.T56 Prewetting, 22 279 Priceite (pandermite), 4 133t Prices/pricing. See also Cost entries Economics... 

Using 1999 foreign exchange rates to convert all prices to U.S.-dollar equivalents, the authors found that Japan s average drug prices per molecule-indication in that year were the highest in the nine-country cohort, U.S. prices were the next highest, and Canada s the lowest, at 33% below U.S. prices. Prices in France were 30% lower than U.S. prices, and prices in the other countries about 15% lower (Danzon and Furukawa 2003, Exhibit 3). 

Prices (price/quantity/ Analytical methods Investment gnarantees... 

The consumer groups claimed harm from the lack of information on drug prices. Prices varied widely across pharmacies in the state, but without easily obtained information due to the advertising ban, consumers would pay extra for their drugs. Worse, their health might suffer if they could not find the drugs they needed at affordable prices. They believed that consumers had the right to know whatever information pharmacists had about a product. 

These studies must make assumptions about changes in, for example, future input and output prices, yields, subsidy and premium levels, the way consumers and producers will react to changes in prices (price elasticities of demand and supply), population increase or decrease and level of adoption. The possible outcomes are too numerous to summarise here, so only a few results are presented as examples. 

Component Density Av. Diameter Price Price Variation... 

Courtesy ofLen Shirley Price, taken from Price Price Aromatherapy for Health Professional (Churchill Livingstone)... 

Because the market price increases or decreases according to changes in supply and demand - for example, a decrease in supply or increase in demand will both lead to a higher price - price is relied upon as an indicator of economic scarcity, and is sometimes even referred to as scarcity value. The scarcer the goods, the higher the price, and vice versa. 

PRICES Prices are included in some profiles. These are black market estimated prices unless the pharmaceutical price in the country of origin is specified -- converted to U.S. dollars. Black market prices and availability vary enormously. 

Systems that control prices, especially those that control the launch prices of new drugs, also affect R D, and it is even more difficult to predict the directions or overall magnitude of their effect on R D. The effects would depend on how prices were set and how high they are. For example, a system that controlled only the prices of me-too drugs could have effects on R D that are very different from a system that controlled all new drug prices. Price regulation adds an additional level of uncertainty to the process of R D which, as a new risk, lowers expected returns from R D investments,... 

Estimated price Price range Fold providing... 

Adsorbent costs vary with time, supplier, and other factors, even for the same exact material. Prices often range from 0.50 per pound for some commodity adsorbents to 100 per pound or more for more exotic materials. Some that are impregnated with expensive metals are much higher priced. Price is also sensitive to quantity. For example, from a laboratory supply house, in 100-g quantities, activated alumina and silica gel cost as much as 70 to 140 per pound. But in tonnage quantities, they may sell for less than 1 to about 4 per pound. 

The cost criterion is of course related to the treatment price (PRICE), i.e. the dependent variable of the hedonic price function. PRICE comprises information on both the herbicide price per kilogram and the dose in kilograms per hectare, i.e. PRICE is measured in ITL 1 000 (kITL) per hectare. Annual price data were available for each treatment but, due to the mainly constant nature of the characteristics, PRICE was defined as the mean price of each kill rate period (1987-1988 and 1989-1994) for each treatment. See Table 3.2 for a statistical description of PRICE and the treatment characteristics. 

This classification of standards is closely related to the following third characteristic suggested by Oliver (1993), who contends that service quality does not require experience with service or service provider. Customer satisfaction, on the other hand, is an experiential construct. Customer satisfaction can only be evaluated by actually experiencing the service encounter (Anderson and Fornell 1994 lacobucci et al. 1994). Anderson and Fornell (1994) suggest that in general, customer satisfaction is influenced by price, whereas service quality is viewed as independent from price. Price or costs incurred are often modeled using value value is thus operationalized as the ratio of perceived quality relative to price (cf. Zeithaml 1988). 

Normally, the firm sells multiple products and these questions must be answered for each product or service offered. Additionally, the need to determine the number of price offerings per type of product and the price relationships between the products offered make the pricing problem more complex. Further, different types of market segments respond differently to prices, price differences, and price changes. 

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